The Meaning of Fire in Fahrenheit 451by Ray Bradbury Essay

Fire is very common in basic human life and has many purposes. With its many uses, fire’s symbolic meaning is open to various interpretations. In regards to Fahrenheit 451 fire can symbolize knowledge, destruction, and also rebirth. Ray Bradbury illustrates correctly the ambiguity of fire’s metaphors through Montag. As Montag gains new perspectives on fire readers are shown that fire is a very prominent symbol with multiple meanings. Bradbury first depicted fire as a hurtful force through Montag, a fireman, who burn books. With the converted mentality of his culture, â€Å"it was [Montag’s] pleasure to burn. It was a special pleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed† (3). Montag’s culture sees burning as an enjoyment;†¦show more content†¦This shows the trust and solace that fire can give, where Montag and his mother had shared a bond in the vast and paralyzed society around them, roused by the light of a small flam e. Introducing words such as â€Å"rediscovery, illumination, comfortably† Bradbury starts Montags mental change and starts to evolve the meaning of fire. In a similar way, the woman who burns to death with her books comments before she dies: â€Å"We shall this day light such a candle†¦as I trust shall never be put out† (36). The candle she refers to embodies the trigger of revolutionary thinking that changes Montag and his understanding of culture. This fire, instead of destroying, creates hope and rebirth. In addition to the woman’s dying words later in the book Montag is inspired by Granger’s telling of the Phoenix. Granger mentioned that â€Å"[Pheonix] must have been first cousin to Man† which is saying that men and the phoenix are alike in the sense that they resurrect every certain amount of years (163). The comparison between Man and the Phoenix is compelling because it gives the reader a feeling of self-renewed hope toward mankind, particularly since Man can look back on the mistakes that he has made and would like to gain from them later on. Throughout history, fire is depicted as a symbol of knowledge and self- awareness. Towards the end of the novel, Montag himself begins to understand the restoring and encouraging power of fire that is

Sustainable Housing and Urban Construction Free Essays

Since the beginning of time, the built environment has been an integral part in providing shelter needs for men, women and children. Maslow (1943) formulated that shelter is a basic requirement of humans. In the future, humans will have to construct sustainable shelter otherwise would they would risk depleting resources for subsequent generations. We will write a custom essay sample on Sustainable Housing and Urban Construction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Construction is an example of a multitasking activity. The lifecycle of construction can be broken into phases. Achieving building sustainability in modern environment requires a better understanding of environmental impacts. Impacts such as climate change, associated costs, as well as utilising benchmarking scale to measure across a whole range of building types and occupancies. This report will discuss building sustainability, the constraints that stake holders of built environment face, and the role of architects in the process of constructing sustainable buildings. Conceptually, sustainability is allowing present generation to meet its needs without depriving later generations of a way to meet theirs. According to Meckler (2004), building sustainability means to â€Å"provide a safe, healthy, comfortable indoor environment while simultaneously limit the reduction of the earth’s natural resources†. Architects, with their unique position within the built environment, are well equipped to meet the challenges of sustainability in the built environment. The building and construction industry possesses a high ability to be innovative (Meckler 2004), and through this innovation that it would create new methods and processes resulting in constructing improved sustainable buildings that can be serve as subsequent year’s benchmark to beat. The construction industry has invested in research and development into sustainability in order to gain a clearer understanding the effect of building on the environment and reducing the impact of buildings on the environment. The common goal is to be â€Å"energy efficient†. Being energy efficient does not equate to being energy sustainable. The energy from the traditional fossil sources cannot be supplied without using further considerable amount of energy in supplying it. The efficiency of the energy lifecycle starting from the raw extraction of resources, preparation, transport, conversion and distribution to application may be up to 20%. To equate this in simple terms is that it takes approximately 5kWh to deliver 1kWh of energy for consumption. So in order to consume 1kWh of energy, the real term consumption is actually 6kWh. Numerous studies internationally have shown that operational energy consumes the main amount of total energy use in buildings during a typical service lifespan of approximately 50 years. This accounts for about 85–95% of total energy use (Thormark, 2005). From a residential perspective, there should be a focus more on the sustainable development of the residential buildings and urban constructions. The fundamental reason new and more energy-efficient technologies continue to be ignored and the technologies that are applied rarely perform as efficiently as they should is because of a lack of accountability for building energy performance in current building design and operation practices. The building and construction industry in Australia has made significant progress forward in the last 5 years to improve their environmental performance. This improvement has been in response to increased attention from local and state government policies regarding to Ecological Sustainable Development (ESD), as well as the availability of holistic environmental rating tools such as the Green Building Council of Australia’s Green Star rating tools. Architects factor in climatic variables into their thoughts as they design and plan houses, premises and buildings (Alnaser Flanagan 2007). In hot dry regions such as in the Northern Territory, the built environment should be planned compactly to reduce the amount of surfaces exposed to solar radiation. In warm humid regions such as in Queensland, buildings should be openly spaced to maximize air movement between individual buildings. This would reduce the structure operational energy consumption and maximise Green Star rating. Green building is a tremendous growth area in design, construction and building materials. Green building has gained momentum due to the rise in energy costs and cost of building materials. The happy medium is somewhere between a combination of passive measures through optimal building design and active measures achieved through efficient mechanical system designed to control the indoor climate. These active measures mentioned above include utilizing renewable energy, such as solar energy, wind energy and geothermic energy, improving thermal performance of building structure, utilising daylight and energy efficient lightings, and developing new sustainable building materials (Thormark, 2005). Another aspect of sustainability that is often neglected is social sustainability. Social sustainability can be thought of as qualitative indicators that complement the development process. Some social sustainability objectives are to provide adequate local services and facilities to serve the development, to provide housing to meet the needs of the population, to provide high quality, habitable developments and where possible to preserve local culture and heritage. In any actual development, there is a need for other supporting elements to make it appealing and sustainable. An integral part of the development is to provide high quality energy efficient buildings for community activities such as musicals and outdoor space for open markets. By having such gatherings, the community will get a sense of ownership and will utilise the facility frequently. A salient aspect of sustainable development is to provide a mix of housing structures of all different types (Zhu Lin, 2003). In order to achieve the objective of providing affordable housing; designs and construction must be of high quality and yet utilises minimal resources. Wherever possible, cultural heritage should be preserved through the reutilising of local valued buildings. If cultural preservation is achieved, the architectural design for the developments will reflect local heritage and use local materials. According to Williams and Dair (2007), there are 9 commonly identifiable barriers to achieving sustainability. Some of these barriers are: 1. Sustainability measure was not considered by stakeholders 2. Sustainability measure was not required by client (includes purchasers, tenants and end users) 3. The sustainability measure cost too much (in some cases the investor would not fund) Unless sustainability is on the agenda of the local planning government, stakeholders are unlikely to voluntarily put sustainability measures on their agenda. Stakeholders were simply bypassing sustainability issues altogether. As with most local government planning policies, there are strict guidelines regarding social objectives, such as meeting housing needs. If a policy is active at the forefront of development then they appeared on stakeholders’ agendas. Many architects have the ability to succeed in achieving a higher star rating for energy efficiency for their built environment projects. They have been doing so for a while. The challenges of sustainability in the future should not be construed as extra attachments to how architects have designed in the past. Architects have the inherent ability to go back to the drawing board and to reinvent the design process to reflect the buildings needed for the future. Architects have a vital role to play. They are a part of key decision making mechanism in the building and construction industry. Going forward, their role will be inextricably linked to producing sustainable outcomes. There are many indicators for sustainable building design (Smith 2001). (a)Identifying possible sources to generate renewable electricity on location, i. e. like Building-Integrating Photovoltaic (BIPV). (b)Minimal usage of fossil fuel energy sources used during the lifetime of the building. (c)Ensuring that building management systems are user friendly simple to operate. (d)Implementing passive or active solar energy while employing heating and cooling systems which are fine tuned to the needs of the occupants with air-conditioning used only in exceptional circumstances. As we progress into the future, the need to provide shelter increases due to population growth. The building structures needed for this growing demand have to be environmentally and socially sustainable. There is a global increase in awareness of the diminishing supply of traditional fossil fuel resources. Fossil fuels make up the core heating and cooling energy consumption presently. In order to achieve sustainability and leave the next generation able to meet their needs, there are short term increased economic costs as the transition from traditional dependent on fossil fuels to alternative energy sources. These barriers have to be overcome and the role of the architect in the overall schema is extremely important. They possess the necessary design skills to adapt to the changing needs and produce sustainable commercial and residential . REFERENCES †¢N. W. Alnaser_, R. Flanagan (2007). The need of sustainable buildings construction in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Building and Environment 42 (2007) 495–506 †¢T. HARTMAN. (2008). A Vision for Energy Performance Integrating performance – monitoring initiatives to improve building sustainability. HPAC Engineering †¢ May 2008 †¢Maslow, A. H, (1943). A THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION, Originally Published in Psychological Review, 50,370-396. 1943 †¢C. McCabe. (2006). Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management. Sustainable building design in Australia. Eco-Architecture: Harmonisation between Architecture and Nature. Vol. 1, pp. 237-245. 7 Jun 2006. †¢M. Meckler. (2004). Achieving Building Sustainability through Innovation Engineered Systems. †¢L. Nervenga. Specifying for Sustainability. Architecture Australia 1904-2006 †¢FS Smith. Architecture in a climate of a change: a guide to sustainable design. UK: Architectural Press, An imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001. †¢C. Thormark. (2005). The effect of material choice on the total energy need and recycling potential of a building. Building and Environment 41 (2006) 1019–1026 †¢K Williams C Dair (2007). What Is Stopping Sustainable Building in England? Barriers Experienced by Stakeholders in Delivering Sustainable Developments. Sustainable Development Sust. Dev. 15, 135–147 †¢Yingxin Zhu, Borong Lin (2003). Sustainable housing and urban construction in China. Energy and Buildings 36 (2004) 1287–1297 How to cite Sustainable Housing and Urban Construction, Papers

Wage and Salary Administration free essay sample

Wages and salaries play a very important role in determining the conditions of employment. The relationship between employers and employees depends mainly on wages. Wage and salary administration refers to the framing and implementation of policies and practices pertaining to employee compensation. Its includes development of wage structure ,wage surveys, wage incentives, profit sharing, wage adjustments and other related items concerning payment. Wages and salaries constitute a major part of the total cost in most of the organization. . What is Wage and Salary The wage is the remuneration paid by the employers to his employees. According to laissez faire policy, wage is the price paid to the worker for the services he has sold to the employer. It is a compensation paid to the worker in return for the contribution he makes for the achievement of the corporate objectives (Khanzode, 1992: 118). Wage may be defined as payment for the use of labor (Khanna, 1992: 30-1). The wage is the price for the use of human efforts (Ahuja, 1993: 927). Wages is the widest sense means any economic compensation paid by the employer under some contract to his workers for the services rendered by them. Wage therefore includes family allowance, relief pay, financial support and other benefits. But, in the narrower sense, wages are the price paid for the services of labour in the process of production and include only the performance wages or wages proper. They are composed of two parts the basic wage and other allowance. As salary is a compensation to an employees for the personal services rendered on weekly, monthly or annual basis. They differ from employee to employee, and depend upon the nature of job, seniority and merit. 2. 1 Difference between Wage and Salary Wage is compensation to the employees for services rendered to the organization. In case the quantum of services rendered is difficult to measure, then the payment is called salary. Normally the wage period is shorter than the salary period. Wage usually refers to an hourly rate, and salary to a weekly or semi-monthly rate. So if a wage earner works 40 hours one week and 45 the next week, he gets paid more for the second week. A salaried worker works long enough to get the job done and usually gets the same pay every payday. Salary workers tend to get better benefits. They also get paid time off, which is not always true for hourly workers. They don’t have to punch a time clock. And the salary is a fixed amount every pay period, which makes it easier to set a budget. Usually people checking credit prefers to see a salary, which provides a consistent pay without any fluctuations due to schedules changes and illness etc. On the plus side, hourly workers get paid. Wage is paid to the labor directly involved in production either receives money hourly, weekly or monthly . while salary is paid to the worker and staff related to administration and selling. Wages become part of the product cost, while the salary treated as selling and administrative expense. 3. 0 Wages and Salary Administration The term â€Å"wage and salary administration† has come to be accepted as the designation for that field of endeavour concerned with the establishment and implementation of sound policies and methods of employee compensation. It includes such areas as job evaluation, development and maintenances of wage structures, wage incentives, wage changes and adjustments, profit sharing, control of compensation costs and other related by items (Haq, 2000: 176). Wage administration is a systematic procedure for establishing a sound compensation structure. Wages and salary surveys are designed to determine the general pay level in the community and industry, thus giving a company a base for setting its own rates. Job evaluation establishes the relationships between wages on various jobs within the organization. Together, wage surveys and job evaluation set the base on minimum rates for each job (Strauss amp; Sayles, 1985: 123). Formerly wage rates in organization, whether in industry or in government organizations, tended to be established in a haphazard fashion, with little consideration given to consistency within the organization according to differentials in job requirements or to consistency with prevailing wages paid in other establishments. The movement in industry for the development and adoption of sound principles and practices of wage and salary administration had its infancy in the 1920’s and 1930’s and in the 1950’s became more mature with the general acceptance of the ideas and methods earlier. 3. 1 Nature and Purpose of Wage and salary Administration The basic purpose of wage and salary administration is to establish and maintain an equitable wage and salary structure. Its secondary objectives is the establishment and maintenance of an equitable labor-cost structure, i. e. an optional balancing of conflicting personnel interests so that the satisfaction of employees and employers is maximized and conflict maximized. The wage and salary administration is concerned with financial aspects of needs, motivation and rewards. A sound wage and salary administration seeks to achieve the following objectives (Monappa amp; Saiyadain, 1997: 253-254): a. Cost control. b. To establish and maintain equitable wage and salary structure. c. Using wages and salaries as an incentive to greater employee productivity. d. To maintain a good public image; e. To attract talented personnel. 3. 2 Principles of Wage and Salary Administration The following are the Principles of wage and salary administration (Haq, 2000: 184-185). a. Wage should enable the workers to maintain the standard of living which they are accustomed. b. Wage system should envisage a scheme of incentives in the form of extra remuneration, bonus or premium to meritorious workers for their extra skill work man ship, prompt performance etc. c. Wage plan should as to encourage even the beginners. With addition to experience and skill, wages should be raised in a phased way. d. Wage plan should be stable but sufficiently flexible to permit adjustment according to changing conditions e. Wage plan should be simple and intelligible to average worker. Complicated procedures confuse the workers and create suspicion among them. f. Wages should be such as to attract talented personnel related to the educational, professional and general abilities of the personnel in different grades and positions. g. Wage policies should be carefully developed, having in mind the interest of (a) Management as the representative of the owner. The employees (c) the consumers and (d) the community. . Wage policies should be expressed in writing to ensure uniformity and stability. i. The general level of wages and salaries should be reasonably in line with that prevailing in the labor market. j. Wage decisions should be checked against carefully formulated policies. k. Equal pay for equal work: If two jobs have equal job difficulty requirements, the pay should be the same regardless of who fills them. l. There should be a clearly established procedure for hearing and adjusting wage complaints. This may be integrated with the regular grievance procedure, if one exist. . The employees, and the union, if there is one, should be adequately informed about the procedure used to establish wage rates. Every employee should be informed of his own position in the wage or salary structure. Secrecy in wage matters should not be used as a cover up for a haphazard and unreasonable wage programme. n. A firmly established and enforced set of wage control plans will serve to assure that established practices and procedures are actually operated in the manner originally intended. 4. 0 Types of wages Wages are following types a. Subsistence Wage A subsistence wage is the amount necessary for the worker and his family to subsist, though only at a meager standard (Haq, 2000: 179). b. Minimum Wage According to this, the workers should be assured a minimum amount as their remuneration so that none will grumble that he getting below the minimum. But the question arises as to what should be the level of minimum wages and how to fix it. The only way to arrive to the minimum wages is to totally it with the standard of living and the cost of living index (Haq, 2000: 180). c. Fair Wage It aims at giving the workers a fair or in other words, the total emoluments would be such as to assure the workers a fair level of subsistence and amenities. This is between the subsistence wage and the living wage. It considered that no employer should pay less than a subsistence wage but that any Company that is prosperous enough to do should pay more. But the word â€Å"fair† is a relative term-what is fair for A. may be unfair B. Therefore, although many exponents have talked about â€Å"fair wage† no Company appears to have introduced this in view of practical difficulties (Haq, 2000: 180). d. Living wage A living wage represents a much higher standard than a subsistence wage. A living wage is generally understood to comprise of that sum of money sufficient to adequately meet them the material, intellectual and spiritual needs of an average working small family in conditions of reasonable health, comfort and efficiency (Haq, 2000: 180). 5. 0 Factors affecting Wages and Salaries There are several factors which affect the wage rate of organization. Some of them are discussed below: a. Ability to pay Organizations which have high sales and profit are able to pay high and salaries to their employees than those which are running at a loss or having low profits. During the period of prosperity, companies pay high wages and during the period of depression wages are cut because funds are not available. b. Supply and demand The demand and supply position of labour affects the determination of wage rates. If there is shortage of labour in the market then the wage rates are high, whereas if the labour supply is continuous then the wage rates are low. . Bargaining capacity If the labourers are organized into trade unions their capacity to bargain increases and can demand for higher wage rates. d. Cost of living. If a company is to achieve a high level of efficiency and morale, it must pay wages that are high enough to enable its employees to enjoy an adequate standard of living; otherwise some employees may be forced to supplement their incomes by maintaining a second job. Other employees may leave for better jobs. e. Government policies The government policies effect the wage rates. To protect the interest of the labourers especially in the unorganized sector, the government fixes minimum wages through legislative measures. f. Prevailing community wage rates In order for a company to recruit and retain good personnel, its wages rates must be comparable to those paid by other companies within the community for similar types of jobs. g. Industry wages A company’s wage policy will, voluntarily or involuntarily, tend to confirm to the wage pattern in its industry, for several reasons. First, competition demands that competitors adheres to the same relative wage level. Second, trade associations encourage uniform wage structures through the dissemination of wage information, including wage and salary surveys, to their members can have â€Å"equal pay for equal jobs† and in order to eliminate geographical differences. h. Job requirements The difficult the job, the higher the wages. The toughness of the job can be ascertained by comparing one job to another in an organization. Job grading is done on the basis of skill, effort, responsibility and job conditions. 6. 0 Factors Guiding Wage Fixation for Industrial Workers Factors which guide the fixation of wage for industrial workers are: a. Capacity of the industry to pay; b. Productivity and skill of labour; c. Prevailing rates of wages for the same or similar occupations in the same or neighbouring localities; d. The level of the national income and its distribution; and e. The place of the industry in the economy of the country. Wage negotiation of training call for knowledge and skill. Functionally and by reason of training, the personnel department is best fitted to handle wage policy of a company. Personnel department cannot be responsible for calculating and paying wages. It is an accounting function of the personnel department, which do it in consultation with the respective department or section heads (Pylee amp; George, 1995: 125-126). 7. 0 Wage Differentials Wages differ in different employments or occupations, industries and localities, and also between persons in the same employment or grade. One therefore comes across such terms as occupational wage differentials, inter- industry inter-firm, inter-area or geographical differentials and personal differentials. Wage differentials have been classified into three categories: First, the differentials that can be attributed to imperfections in the employment markets, such as the limited knowledge of workers in regard to alternative job opportunities available elsewhere; obstacles to geographical , occupational or inter -firm mobility of workers; or time lags in the adjustment of resource distribution and changes in the scope and structure of economic activities. Examples of such wage differentials are inter-industry, inter-firm, and geographical or inter-area wage differentials. Second, the wage differentials which originate in social values and prejudices and which are deeper and more persistent than economic factors. Wage differentials by sex, age, states or ethnic origin belong to this category. Third, occupational wage differentials, which would exist even if employment markets were perfect and social prejudices, were absent. In other words, wage differentials may be: i. Occupational differentials or differentials based on skill; ii. Inter-firm differentials; iii. Inter-area or regional differentials; iv. Inter-industry differentials; and v. Differentials based on sex. i. Occupational Differentials These indicate that since different occupations require different qualifications different wages of skill and carry different degrees of responsibility, wages are usually fixed on the basis of the differences in occupations and various degrees of skills. The basic functions of such differentials are: a) To induce workers to undertake â€Å"more demanding†, â€Å"more agreeable or dangerous† jobs or these involving â€Å"a great chance of unemployment or wide uncertainty of earnings†. ) To provide an incentive to young persons to incur the costs of training and education and encourage workers to develop skills in anticipation of higher earnings in future; c) To perform a social function by way of determining the social status of workers. In countries adopting a course adopting a course of planned economic development, skill differentials play an important role in manpower and employment programs, for they considerably help in bringing about an adequate supply of labour with skills corresponding to the requirements of product plans. Inter-occupational differentials may comprise skilled, unskilled and manual wage differentials; non-manual and manual (white and blue-collar); and general skill differentials generally follow the changes in the relative supplies of labour to various occupations. ii. Inter-firm differentials Inter-firm differentials reflect the relative wage levels of workers in different plants in the same a) Differences in the quality of labour employed by different firms; b) Imperfections in the labour market; and c) Differences in the efficiency of equipment, supervision and other non-labour factors. Differences in technological advance, managerial efficiency, financial capacity, age and size of the firm, relative advantages and disadvantages of supply raw materials, power and availability of transport facility facilities – these also account for considerable disparities in inter-firm wage rates. Lack of co-ordination among adjudication authorities, too, are responsible for such anomalies. iii. Inter-area or Regional Differentials Such differentials arise when workers in the same industry and the same occupational group, but living in different geographical areas, are paid different wages. Regional wage differentials may be conceived in two senses. In the first sense, they are merely a part of inter-industry differentials a particular region. In the second sense, they may represent real geographical differentials, resulting in the payment different rates for the same type of work. In both cases, regional differentiations affect the supply of manpower for various plants in different region. iv. Inter-industry differentiations These differentials arise when workers in the same occupation and the same area but in different industries are paid different wages. Inter-industry differentials reflect skill differentials. The industries paying higher wages have mostly been industries with area and occupation. The main causes of inter-firm wage differentials are: a large number of skilled workers, while those paying less have been industries with a large proportion of unskilled and semi-skilled workers. Other factors influencing inter-industry differentiations are the extent of urbanization, the structure of product markets, the ability to pay, labour-capital ratio, and the stage of development of an industry. Personal wage differentials These arise because of differences in the personal characteristics of workers who work in the same plant and the same occupation. â€Å"Equal pay for equal work† has been recommended by the I. L. O. convention (No. 100), as also by industrial courts, Labour Tribunals, the Minimum Wages Committee and the Fair Wages Committee. But in practice this principle has not been fully implemented because in occupations which involve strenuous muscular work, women workers, if employed, are paid less than men workers. Lack of organizations among women employees, less mobility among them, their lower subsistence and their weak constitution are other reasons which bring them lower wages than their male counterparts receive. 8. 0 Methods of Wage Payment System The various method of wage payment may be classified as given below: 8. 1 Conventional methods a. Time Rate It is also known as ‘day rate system’. Under this system the worker is paid only on the basis of time he has worked on his job and no consideration is given to the quality and quantity of work completed by him. The longer the worker remains on his job, the higher is the payment. The formula for calculating wages under this system is: Total amount earned= no. of hours, days, etc, worked ? rate per hour, day, etc. There is no fixed rule for time rate. For instance when high level professionals are engaged on contract basis their duration is longer and payment is on their higher side. Whereas unskilled workers are usually engaged for a short period and the rate at which they are paid is quite low. Advantages of time rate a. It is simple method and the labourers can know how much remuneration they will get. b. Since the wages are fixed, the workers have not to rush to reach a particular level of output. . It is beneficial for the freshers as in the beginning they cannot give a higher output but they are assured of a fixed remuneration. d. As the wage do not depend on output, the workers can produce quality goods. Limitations I. This system does not distinguish between efficient and inefficient workers and there are no incentives for the workers to increase their inefficiency. II. Since wages are not related to output it makes difficult to control labor costs. III. As it gives security to the workers they are tempted to work slow which results in loss to the employer. IV. It is not only effects the quantity but also the quality of goods as there is no incentive for efficient workers. b. Piece Rate Under this system the worker is paid according to the work done or the number of pieces of work completed irrespective of the amount of time taken to do so. The rate per unit of output is fixed and the wages are paid on the basis of number of units completed. The formula for calculating under this system is: Total amount earned= units produced ? rate per unit. But this system is applicable only in case of those jobs which can be measured in physical terms and can be standardized. Under this system the income of the workers depends on their efficiency to produce. Advantages a. Productivity increases as the earnings are directly linked with production. b. This system induces to produce more regardless of quality. c. It helps in establishing the cost per unit which helps in the fixation of prices of the goods produced. d. As wages are paid according to the output it ensures a degree of fairness to everyone. Limitations a. No attention is paid to the production of quality goods. b. In order to produce more there is improper handling of machines resulting in breakdown causing loss of employer. There is no security to the workers and if the worker is unable to produce due to certain reasons his earning are affected. d. This system leads to unhealthy competition among the workers which causes jealousy and dissatisfaction among them. 8. 2 Incentives Bonus Methods An incentives method or plan is a system of wage payment which offers inducement to the workers in the form of bonus to maintain high levels of production. A well developed incentive plan should be beneficial to both management and the workers. From the management point of view it should result in reduced unit cost and increase output. There should be optimum utilization of facilities, improvement on cost control leading to less variable production cost. From the workers point of view it should facilitate on their efforts to earn more and improve their efficiency (Sainy amp; Kumar, 1998: 136-137). There are different types of incentive plans. For instance personal incentives which are either time based or production based. Time based incentives plans are also called premium plans. Some of the incentives plans are discussed. a. Personal or Individual Incentives Bonus Schemes Under this system the individual worker is rewarded for his excellent performance or for making optimum use of the machines and equipment (Sainy amp; Kumar, 1998: 137). b. Halsey Plan Under this plan bonus or premium is paid to the worker on the basis of the time saved. A standard time required for a job is determined before hand. If a worker takes standard time or even exceeds the standard time to complete a job he gets normal wages calculated at the time rate. If he completes the job in less than the standard time, he gets a bonus equal to 50 percent of the value of time saved.

US Opportunities Essays - Academia, Scholarship,

US Opportunities America is the land of opportunity. This country is full of great ways to better our lives. There are many different kinds of opportunities we can use to improve the quality of our living conditions. For example, there are many public school systems here, as well as the many college opportunities we are offered. This country is also a great place to find adventure, or just have a good time playing sports or exercising. Something else that is great about our country is our fantastic government system. Whether it's Federal, State, or Local government; ours is one to be proud of. America offers the most to any kind of person, no matter who you are or what you enjoy. In America there is an unbelievable amount of ways to learn. There is a public school system where anyone can go to school, Kindergarten through twelfth grade. If you want to further your education by going to college, there is a great variety of schools you could go to. If you want to be a doctor there are specific schools designed to teach people how to be doctors. Some colleges are good at different sports, and some are incredible acedemically, some schools are well-known for their drama programs or other things. Most schools offer scholarships to those who excel in specific areas. Scholarships are a good way to get financial aid if you can't or don't want to pay for college. If you're looking for action and adventure, you've come to the right place. America is the greatest place to kick back and have a good time. You could ski the icy slopes of the Rocky Mountains in Utah and Colorado, or you could surf and lay out on the sandy beaches of Hawaii or California. You could go crabbing on the rocky coast of Maine, or go ice fishing on a barren lake in the nippy weather of Alaska. Different places around the country offer a variety of seminars if you're looking for instruction, or you could read up on the subject before braving the great outdoors by yourself. Many people also enjoy sports. In Utah, there are all kinds of sports programs designed for people of all ages. This is a great place to come whether you're looking for sports action or outdoor adventure. Some might worry about the quality of our government. Despite the recent problems our president has had, the government is nothing to worry about. The local government is here to help us in any way needed. The local government helps us out with our school systems, roads, and many other things. The Federal government helps pass laws to make our states and towns better for us. All in all, the government is still going just as strong as they were in the beginning in 1776. Taking all the factors into consideration, I think America is the greatest place on earth to live. No matter what you want to do, where and when you want to do it; you can probably find it here. Whether you want to further your education, find a passion in some sort of outdoor adventure, or discover the mystery behind our government, this country is where you'll want to be. America truly is the land of opportunity.

Slip Slip Sliden Away essays

Slip Slip Sliden Away essays Music and poetry touches my emotions and finds a place in my heart, where I can feel the words penetrating my soul. When I listen to a good song or read a meaningful poem an emotional connection is made through the pain and heartbreak of recently losing people in my life to death and divorce. The Paul Simon song Slip Slidin Away sends a message that nothing in life is for ever. The poem by Robert Herrick All Things Decay and Die stirs this familiar feeling. They are both similar in subject matter, but different in tone. The message they relay to the reader is ultimately the same. The Song Slip Slidin Away is about the dying of relationships, a wife to her husband, or a father to his son. The last verse of the song says Were working our jobs, collect our pay Believe were gliding down the highway, When in fact were slip slidin away This verse explains the main theme of the song, that we live life thinking things are never going to change. Happiness is taken for granted, but on a flip of a coin life can and does change and everything slips away. We are living our lives, but we are working towards death. The poem All Things Decay And Die is about physical death. It uses trees as a metaphor .The verse That timber tall, which three -score lustres stood the proud dictator of the state-like wood, This verse expresses a sense that youth fades away, and it is natures time that decides our fate in life .The poem expresses the reality that everything must die. The Song Slip Slidin Away and the poem All Things Decay and Die are similar in subject matter. The death of a long term relationship or the end of youth to aging ,they both put into words the idea that life is a process of dying .Whether, it is a difficult time in my life, or memories of a loved one. The right song or poem can touch my soul....

Beh 225 Assignment Diagnosis and Treatment

Assignment: Diagnosis and Treatment Beh 225 July 10, 2011 Assignment: Diagnosis and Treatment According to the American Psychiatric Association, there is a fifteen percent prevalence of mental disorders in the United States. Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive, is a mental disorder. Symptoms of bipolar disorder include extreme highs and extreme lows with periods of normal mood in between. Manic symptoms are being extremely active, talkative, distractible, unlimited hopes with no follow through, aggression, hostility, and violence.Depressive symptoms are feeling overwhelmed and worthless, loss of interest, insomnia, loss of concentration, and suicidal thoughts. Suicide is the 11th leading cause of death in the United States. Roughly, 29,000 people commit suicide each year. Bipolar Disorder can create marital and occupational problems as well as financial dismay. Mood disorders are thought to be caused by nature and nurture. Biological factors that may lead to a bipolar episode are chemical imbalances in the brain, hormonal imbalances, and inherited traits. Physiological factors that may lead to a bipolar episode include maladaptive cognitive distortions. The text defines this as â€Å"an illogical and maladaptive response to early negative life events that leads to feelings of incompetence and worthlessness that are reactivated whenever a new situation arises that resembles the original events. † (Morris and Maisto,2005) Studies suggest that women are two to three times more likely to have a mood disorder than men. Being diagnosed with bipolar disorder is a lifelong and reoccurring illness. There are different types of bipolar disorder. The symptoms of bipolar I are severe mood swings from manic to depressive that lasts at least seven days. Bipolar II occurs when mood swings are less manic, or hypomania, and shift back to depressive. When one’s symptoms are not determined to be either of these the disorder is called bipolar disorder not otherwise specified. These symptoms are not as fierce as the I and II characterization. Cyclothymiacs is a mild form of bipolar disorder. These milder forms of symptoms continue to shift over the course of two or more years. When a person has four or more episodes a year they are referred to as a rapid cycler. Although the onset of this disorder usually occurs in the twenties and thirties some children are also diagnosed. Children are more likely to be diagnosed early if they have two parents with the disorder. The child’s odds increase up to seventy-five percent in some cases. Many bipolar patients self medicate with drugs and alcohol. This action can trigger or prolong the symptoms. Bipolar disorder patients are at a higher risk for many diseases. These diseases include heart disease, diabetes, obesity, migraines, and thyroid disease. When one suspects they have bipolar disorder, a doctor needs to be consulted.The doctor will perform a physical examination, interview the patient, and order testing. There is no test for bipolar disorder but these tests will rule out other ailments. After reviewing all tests and lab reports a mental health evaluation will be preformed. Family history will be taken as well as interviewing the family of said patient. Bipolar patients tend to seek help in the depressive state rather than the manic state. This disorder is treated with medications and psychotherapies. Over the course of treatment, several medicines may be tested. The first choice of treatment is a mood stabilizer.The FDA approved lithium in the 70’s for treatment of mania. In 1995, the FDA in treating mania approved depakote. Recently, the FDA in treating bipolar disorder approved an anticonvulsive medication. Anti convulsive medicines are lamictal, neurontin, topomax, and trileptal. Atypical antipsychotic, or second generation, medicines are also used occasionally. These medicines are zyprexa, abilify, seroquel, risperdal, and geodon. These medications relieve sudden and severe mania symptoms. Anti depressants are used in treating the depressive side of bipolar disorder.Prozac, paxil, Zoloft, and wellbutrin are all examples of anti depressants. Mild side effects to medicines include headache, rashes, and heartburn. These side effects usually go away as one get used to taking the medicine. Serious side effects can occur, as with any medicine, such as tardive dyskinesia. This is uncontrollable muscle movement, usually around the mouth, that needs to be discussed with a doctor. In addition to medication, psychotherapy is recommended. These therapies include cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and social rhythm therapy.

Violations of the Code of Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Violations of the Code of Ethics - Research Paper Example In this regard, it is important to understand that the personal integrity can be defined as those ethical values that are commonly understood and practiced across the society and to some extent they also reflect code of ethical behavior (Wells, 2011.p. 18). In the conflict of interest video, Willy Wilson violated the ethical rule of personal integrity. Conflict of interest is defined as a situation in which personal interest and official duties collide and there is little room to justify the position in that situation (Council of Europe, 2008. p.85). In the video, Willy Wilson tried to serve both personal interest and the official duties simultaneously which is tantamount to the violation of the ethical code no. 6 of American Society for Public Administration. Ethical codes are also developed by the ICMA. Tenet number 10 states that members must not seek favor and this favor can be in the shape of gifts or profits that have been received secretly (International City/County Management Association, 2014). In the story of bribe video, Mike Peters violates the tenet no. 10 of the ICMA Code of Ethics. Mike Peters is a senior analyst working for NASA. It is a part of his official job description to evaluate and recommend software. While recommending the software, he insisted that the recommended software should be purchased from Peace organization which sold the similar software. Later on, it was reported that Mr. Peters was offered and received valuable gifts from Peace organization and such gifts were only given for recommending purchase of software from Peace organization. In this regard, it is important to understand that if the value of gifts was considerably smaller than the purchase price of software, there were chances that it would have not been termed as a form of bribe. But that was not the case. A higher value of

The War on Drugs in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The War on Drugs in America - Research Paper Example However, researchers agree that criminal activity in America and the rest of the world is strongly associated with drug availability and usage (Dobkin & Nicosia 2009). During the 90’s youth gangs surged all over United States. Interestingly, during the same time crack cocaine also became the drug of choice for many. Youth gangs high on crack brought the third and inevitable problem; gang related violence. In the 1960’s gangs were not involved in drug trafficking or abuse, but the rapid growth in the number of cocaine users led to the gang members not only becoming drug abusers but also getting involved in the trade of drug. This in turn brought crack cocaine in easy access of the masses, as even the street corner gangs started thinking of drug trade as an easy way of making money. Studies show that by the 1990’s gang members were involved in higher levels of drug use as compared to non-gang member population (Howell & Decker 1999). Of course, preceding decline in manufacturing jobs did not help the situation. Selling drugs was and still is considered a way of making quick money. Most of the new jobs created in the 80’s and 90’s were in suburbs. This left the inner city residents to fend for them and drug marketers were the only one providing work. Drugs affected the social life of these gang members in other ways as well. Firstly, their new economy forced them to rethink their pathways in life. The traditional work, marriage and family lifestyle was now out of question for many. These young gang members would no longer be influenced by norms and traditions. Instead, their gangs acted as families with social control over its members. This was followed by the violence. Gangs ferociously guarded their areas and turf wars broke out. Research into the relationship between drugs and violent crime has outlined three ways in which drugs can lead to violence. First, the pharmacological effects of a drug can make its user violent and se condly, violence occurs when an abusers is forced to commit violent crimes in order to secure financing for their expensive habit. Lastly, violence is the product of the drug system in which it is the only way of ensuring expansion of drug market share and protection from other market participants (Howell & Decker, 1999). Another side effect of drugs being sold on the street corner is that those who were already dealing with the harsh realities of life found an easy way out of their problems, even if it was for a little while. This led to many women to abuse drugs as well. The increase in prostitution can also be coincided with the increase of drugs in the American society. It is too, a never-ending cycle as prostitutes use drugs to deal with the humiliating aspects of their profession while indulging in it to finance their expensive habit of drug abuse (Young, Boyd & Hubbell 2000). Many people think that drug addicts simply lack the will to leave their addiction or they are morally corrupt because they consciously want to do all the bad things that happen. The reality is that drug addiction is a disease that alters the brain chemistry of a person making it impossible to simply wash the addiction away. Every year more than $600 billion are spent in health and crime costs related to drugs. However, even these numbers are insufficient to explain the harm caused by drugs to our society, as

Investigatory Project Essay Example for Free

Investigatory Project Essay We would like to dedicate this experiment we did to every mother, nannies, maids, and the likes who work hard each and every day or our lives. They, who sweat a lot just to give us fresh, newly-washed and sweet smelling clothes. They, who doesn’t only clean our clothes yet helped us to clean our minds and souls and has been in our journey ever since. This is for them to help in their daily work so that they won’t be that exhausted and can still have a great skin because we all know how doing the laundry by hand can make our skins dry. We have experienced a lot in this experiment. Like, first time doing laundry, working our minds out and lot of things about laundry. This is probably one of the greatest experiments we had. I, Shei Solis would like to thank my mother for the support she gave me while I was doing my best in laundry and the help she gave when I don’t know what to do at all. I’m not usually doing the laundry that’s why I had a rough time. I, Ma Get Tan would like to thank my mother who has taught everything there is to know about laundry and my sister, Ma Gell Tan who helped us to do the experiment. To every maid, mothers, nannies, and everyone who does the laundry, thank you very much because you have kept our life clean with you washing our clothes. Right now, we have known what it is like to be washing clothes. It hurts your hands because of the friction and then your hands will get dry. We’ve finally known all the hardships you’ve done for us. And because of that, here is our little study that might help you to save not only your money but also your time, efforts, and your precious skin. Enjoy! Introduction We conducted the study because we wanted to learn more about laundries, about the different kind of fabrics, the stains and others that might help us in our future paths that we might take like Fashion, Fine Arts, or the likes. Also, we found out how very hard it is to do the laundry that’s why sometimes when the person doing the laundry got carried away their skins get dry or becomes rough. That’s why we conducted this study. We also found out that water can be one factor why doing the laundry can make our skin rough or dry. In doing this, we will be able to answer the questions every mother on what is the right detergent soap to use. We will be able to know what is more effective between the two soaps, namely: Champion and Pride. What cleans faster and what whitens better. And from this research, mothers, nannies, maids, and all the ladies who do the laundry will be benefited. Because their work will be much easier if they would know the right detergent to use right from the start. They would save time, money, and energy from thinking and laundering. Just for example, they would use detergent that is very ineffective because they thought that that soap would be the best and when they used it, they already did all things to remove stains but *poof* nothing happened. So just imagine using the products that are very ineffective, you will just waste time, energy, and money. Our study is not just about clothes. It’s also about the different kinds of stains, the different fabrics, the different detergents, how to properly do the laundry and the effect of detergents on people who do the laundry by hand. It’s for them to learn more about what they are doing to find the helpful brand of detergent powder. We conducted this study for two weeks. Three days for soaking the stained shirt, one day for washing it with detergent, and three days for making it dry. To find out more about our study, you can search the main two brands, the different kinds of stains, the different fabrics, home economics or you can just check our index where we got the information.

What Is Truth? Essay examples -- Definition Philosophical Philosophy E

What is Truth? Truth exists and is an absolute. Contrary to the mush-minded meanderings of modern educators, truth is not relative. If my truth differs from your truth that can only be because either one or both of us is unaware of the truth and has called something true which is not. Truth must have not the slightest touch of maybe to it. Maybe is dishonesty to truth and if it touches truth, then truth becomes maybe. Truth is more and beyond that which is true. Truth is a concept in philosophy that treats the meaning of true and the criteria by which we judge the truth or falsity in written and spoken statements. For thousands of years, Philosophers have attempted to answer the question â€Å"What is Truth?†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truth is the quality of being true, and anything that is true is a truth, the concept of truth is uncommonly complex and variable. Thoughts, ideas, beliefs, and opinions are said to be true or false. An idea makes a truth claim and is true when the character of what is thought about upholds its claim. Forms of words or statements are also said to be true or false. This can be explained by saying a set of words is true when it expresses a true thought. â€Å"Truth† should be replaced by the â€Å"facts†, â€Å"reality† or the â€Å"way things are.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truth is often imagined as consisting in a speaker’s honesty with respect to what he believes. Occasionally truth is rehashed, as in the doctrines of the German philosopher Gottlob Frege. Mohandas Gandhi spoke of â€Å"The Absolute Truth, the Eternal Principle, that is God† and said, â€Å" I worship God as Truth only.† Jesus said, â€Å" I am the Way, and the Truth, and the Life.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  God is truth and the essence of it. All of his ways are truth and all truth stands or falls as it is measured against Him. If we love truth and seek after it, we cannot help but run into the outstretched arms of God. He wants us to know the truth, which is to know him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  God places the truth before us and gives us complete freedom to choose how to respond to the truth. If we turn to God and ask him to instruct us in the truth and to lead us to salvation, we will surely receive that which we ask because our prayer will be in line with God’s desire for us. The word truth is mentioned in the bible 235 times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Philosopher’s proposed four main theories to answer the â€Å"What is Truth?† question. They are correspondence, pragmatic,... ...he environment, nature, ethnical duties and ideas, or the relation to the divine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has been doubted whether knowledge, or known truth, is humanly attainable. The truth is often disagreeable, because it fails to support prejudice or myth. The pursuit of truth tends to be suppressed as a dangerously revolutionary force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some philosophers reject the question â€Å"What is truth?† with the observation that attaching the claim â€Å"it is true that† to a sentence adds no meaning. The use of the word true is essential when making a general claim about everything, nothing, or something, as in the statement â€Å"most of what he says is true.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Truth is a very simple and handy concept. It is correspondence of a pictorial or symbolic representation to the thing being represented. In the case of a symbolic representation, the correspondence may be massively complicated, but it is nonetheless similar in kind to a simple pictorial representation. Works Cited â€Å"Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 98† on disk. 1993-1997 â€Å"Encyclopedia Americana†, 1986 by Grolier Incorporated â€Å"Philosophy: History and Problems. Samuel Enoch Stumpf, Fifth Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1994

Hollywood Musical Essay

The Hollywood provides different musical compositions that somehow affected the genres of musical films and the trends of musical preferences within the society. Even with the same musical movie genre, certain marked up evolution can be noticed excelling from Singing in the Rain in 1952 and the latest Hairspray last 2007. The trends of musicality, trends of conservatism to modernistic musical play, and the symbolisms of society present have greatly expanded in different perspectives, such as classical to pop musicale, rock to rap music, conservative fashion to less detailed professional look, etc. Much has been changed and shifted as depicted through the movies of Singing in the Rain (1952), West Side Story (1961), Godspell (1973), Fame (1980) and Hairspray (2007); hence, these movies are considered as the main focal points of the discussion. The aim of the study is to compare and contrast each of the genre presented in all of these musical movies. Furthermore, the study considers the mutual influence that occurred between these movies and the governing trends in society during the year of its making. Discussion Hollywood Musical Progress Hollywood musicals have always incurred popular support from various classes within the society, and these movies have undeniably influenced the statements and trends present in the society. Meanwhile, some of these movies, such as hairspray (racism), have obtained its plot from the current social issues manifesting in the society. Starting with the musical of Gene Kelly’s Singing in the Rain in 1952, the basic trends that can be obtained relates to the rise of showbiz careers by the protagonist (Don Lockwood portrayed by Gene Kelly) of the story, while the antagonist (Lina Lamont as Jean Hagen) sabotages the success of Lockwood’s musical career (Green and Schmidt, 1999 p. 70). The character of the movie can be inclined mainly in a 1950s setup wherein conservativism evidently exists in the characters’ portrayals (deep wordings with lesser use of slang), clothing (overly formal suits from 1950s), and the concept of the play, which somehow considers the trends of stardom in issues of musical entertainment in 1950s. Meanwhile, the genre of West Side story (1961) has obtained similar features with the latter musicale only in terms of romanticism played in a contemporary setting; however, the overall concept has been revolutionized into a somewhat modernized issue of society, which has been gangsters and dance crazes (Green and Schmidt, 1999 p. 233). The movie portrays the evident trends occurring within the society in terms of the group deviancies, gang wars, and peer organizations that has been blended with the context of love at first site (Richard Beymer as Tony and Natalie Wood as Maria). The movie provides the distinction on how youth moves in early relationships and seeks peer influences rather familial presence. The next movie is Godspell in 1973 can be considered in musical genre about religious and practical life issues. From the title of the movie itself, Godspell depicts the characteristics of Christian evangelism, which has occurred greatly during 1970s under the promulgations of different famous religious preachers, Benny Hinn, Don Moen, etc. The musical of Godspell somewhat provides the theme of Christian messing forms wherein they employed less choreography, incorporated distinct teachings of Christ Jesus, and the return of the youth to church fellowships (Burridge and Gould, 2004 p. 4). On the other hand, the religious context of the film provides an enigmatic way of messaging the society about Christian orthodox and the need to unite. Most significantly, it is during 1970s when the historical triggers of Middle East Wars, racial discriminations, industrial revolution and various conflicts within the society are all present; hence, the play utilizes religion and has shown the reverting of youth from rebellious perspective to an evangelical concept. Meanwhile, Fame in 1980 has provided a unique and a total diversion of theme from the last three socially oriented movies. Fame considers the modern movement of arts and place of youth in the society, which is a total diversion from the earlier genre of romanticism and conservativism (LoBrutto, 2002 p. 22). This movie somehow illustrates similarities with Hairspray (2007) since this musical uses a classical setting in 1950s to 1970s but utilizes the concept of modern entertainment similarly seen in the movie Fame. The social impacts of the last two movies involve concept of â€Å"new wave†, wherein the creative and modernistic means of musical is presented with less incorporation of serious social issues, but rather focusing on personal precepts. Conclusion Evidently, the five films presented in the discussion have shown evolution of genre from classical to modernistic or new wave categories. These involves the depiction or illustration of society’s condition, such as the first three films that based their plot in the occurring societal issues, and shifting or modification of themes, such as the ones viewed in Hairspray and Fame. The changes and shifts within Hollywood musical have always considered the trends present within the society.

Government Regulatory Agencies Essay

Government Regulatory Agencies and Impact on Consumer Choices By Trisha Robinson, Chastity Hafer, George Ward, Quagina Jackson Serphy HCS 490 Health care Consumer- Trends and Marketing For: Cindy Perkins, DC, MBA 05/01/2011 The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) The Food& Drug Administration is in charge of promoting and the protection of public health safety by the supervision and regulation of food safety, dietary supplements, tobacco products, prescription and over the counter drugs you get from the pharmacy. The FDA also regulates vaccines, blood transfusions, biopharmaceuticals, medical devices, veterinary products, and cosmetics (fda. gov). The FDA is in charge of advancing the public health by the speed of new ideas or methods that make medicines and food affordable and by the producing of strong or desired effect, more safer, and by given the public a more accountable scientific information that the public can use when using medication and foods and to lessen the use of tobacco to improve the quality of life.The FDA makes sure that laws are enforced by monitoring companies of claims that the company makes about their products. If the FDA thinks the company has violated the law a warning letter will be sent to the company. The letter states that the company is in violation and the company has 15 working days to respond and say how this will be fixed. Companies that do not respond will be fined or their product will be seized. The health care product or service category selected Servic e of choice:Â  Regulatory Information Regulatory Information is a service, which The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) offers an array of information on rules and regulations, which allows consumers, industries, and health care professionals to know the safety, availability, and effectiveness of drugs, biological, medical, and electronic products, and cosmetics. In addition, the service provides information on non-regulated categories such as advertising, consumer products (household goods), alcohol, drug abuse, meat and poultry, health insurance, drugs of abuse, pesticides, restaurants and grocery stores, and water. It offers information on areas such as safety, labeling, product licensing, product approval, manufacturing and performance standards on medical devices and radioactive products, and animal drugs, livestock feeds, and food. Rationale for choosing FDA A. Familiar with the regulations of the FDA. 1. Protecting the public’s health B. Interested in the operations of the FDA and how they develop their regulations. C. The services FDA protects. 1. Responsible for advancing the public health by helping to speed innovations that make medicines more effective.

Is Making Friends After College a Struggle

Is Making Friends After College a Struggle Talk to the recently-graduated and you’ll soon discover that making friends after college can be difficult. There are many reasons for this, but, when examined, they all boil down to one inescapable factor: different goals. As much as you may beg to differ, college is a pretty homogenous environment. Before you go crying â€Å"Diversity,† allow us to explain. Regardless of the mix of race, culture, and a whole host of other variables, the general direction of everyone in your school is the same: graduation. This makes for a generally like-minded group of people; most choices are geared toward that ultimate goal. Life after college, though, is full of choices that lead you off in myriad directions never to return whence you came. In other words, you now have a number of goals on which you can focus: work (or not), marriage (or not), kids (or not). The list goes on and on. No longer are all the people around you striving for the same goal. Now, everyone has their own aim. What’s more, most of these goals are major life decisions that can isolate you socially from those who do not share your desire. If you’re single (or just married), have you ever tried to hang out with someone (or a couple) who has kids? Often times, it just doesn’t work. To help ease the process of making friends after college, you need to find places and activities where people share similar interests and goals. This is how you can meet people and cultivate friendships. Below are six ways to get your friend on. Take a Class It worked the first time around so why wouldn’t it work again? Continuing education courses are great places to make friends because, chances are, the people in those classes have the same interest you do. Use Your Pet And by pet, we mean ‘dog’. You can break the ice in the park when taking a walk. That cute thing your puppy did last week makes a great conversation starter and you can keep the talk going by discussing chew toys and food brands. Volunteer Do some work for a worthy cause – preferably something you’re interested in – and give your friend-making a boost at the same time. You’ll meet like-minded people who can become fast friends. Remember that the point of all of this is to meet new people (and work for a good cause, of course) who share your interests. If you’re really not interested in â€Å"Hats for the Homeless†, find somewhere else to volunteer. Both endeavors – friend-making and volunteering – will be good for you. Professional Organization After graduation, your career will become the next big focus of your time. And that’s fine. You can capitalize on your new-found drive to succeed by joining a professional organization associated with your line of work. You’ll be able to network with potential business interests and cultivate new friends at the same time. Make Old Friends Into New Ones This only works if you return to the area where you grew up or some old friends have moved to your area. Sure you may not have had that much in common in the old days but it’s been four years, hasn’t it? How much have you changed since graduating high school? Your friend has likely done the same. Go Digital Social networking (online) is everywhere these days so why not take advantage of it for something other than Twitter and Facebook? Sites like Groupon, Living Social, and Meetup are great ways to find experiences where you can meet new people. Groupon and Living Social can get you great deals on more than just clothing and coffee. Discounts abound for tours, athletic activities (where you can participate), wine tours, and classes. Meetup hosts everything from mixers to macramà © parties. Have fun and meet potential friends all at the same time. What could be better than that? Of course, finding people with similar interests and goals isn’t the end-all be-all solution to your problem (or any problem for that matter). A bit of diversity in life is a good thing. So don’t give up if making friends after college is a bit difficult. There are plenty of resources at your disposal to make the process just a bit more manageable. Take advantage of all the 21st century has to offer and you’ll be rolling in friends in no time.

Project monitoring nd control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Project monitoring nd control - Essay Example Project control t the senior mngement level consists of evluting nd responding to forml Project Sttus Reports prepred by the project tem. These reports detil the overll progress of the project with specil ttention pid to production delys or budget overruns tht might jeoprdize contrctul greements. The reports ssist senior mngement in determining when expenditures on prticulr project re no longer profitble nd should be terminted. Depending on the level of mngement control, sttus reports my prompt senior mngers to provide dditionl funding, direction, or clrifiction to the project tem. In contrst, project control t the opertionl level is driven by need to determine how successful the tem hs been in chieving specific plnned objectives nd by need to ssist in the coordintion of complex nd interrelted ctions. The project tem monitors the progress of ech ctivity, tking corrective ction when ctivities re shown to be delyed or drifting (Spinner, 1992). Knutson nd Bitz (1991) list five stges of the opertionl project control process: Time, cost, nd performnce form the bsis for the operting chrcteristics of project. These fctors help to determine the bsis for project control. Project control is the process of reducing the devition between ctul performnce nd plnned performnce. Mesurements re tken on ech of the three project constrints of time, performnce, nd cost. Cost Control. Cost Control. Tking the process one step further, cost control reports compre scheduled expenditures to ctul expenditures. The purpose of these reports, which re usully prepred by finncil plnners, is to identify or predict possible cost overruns. If cost overrun is likely, request for dditionl funds should be forwrded to senior mngement s soon s possible. If dditionl funding cn not be obtined quickly, nd the overrun is beyond the project's finncil tolernce, no further finncil commitments should be mde pending complete project cost nlysis. lthough this lck of finncil commitment my seem somewht hrsh, it is the best course of ction since it prevents the project from going bnkrupt, which would mke completion impossible (Spinner, 1992). There re certin techniques tht cn ssist mngers in controlling nd monitoring the project. To mny mngers, the costs ssocited with project my be considered more importnt thn the schedule; t minimum, senior mngement will require timely cost sttus reports. During the plnning stge, this will tke the form of developing project cost estimtes for inclusion in the initil project budget. Once the project hs begun, this informtion my be forwrded s prt of cost schedule or cost control reports. If the tem is considering ccelerting or "crshing" the project, the tem my develop cost minimizing reports (Spinner, 1992). Cost control hs received extensive coverge in the literture. Numerous ccounting nd reporting systems hve been developed over the yers for project cost monitoring nd control. Some of the strtegies suitble for controlling project cost include: Reducing lbor costs Using competitive

Nursing course reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing course reflection - Essay Example Throughout the course I have encountered intimidating as well as exciting activities; I have discovered quite a lot through my clinicals and after every session pieces of the puzzle seemed to fit together clearer. Yet I recognize I still have a long way to go to consider myself a guru in the field of nursing. I have learnt that nursing changes with and is changed by technological innovations; it is in constant change and technological changes affect nursing practices. Equally, ethical issues are widespread in nursing. I came to an understanding that the ultimate object of nursing students is attaining a particular confidence level attuned to their respective skill level to permit them to safely work within their practice scope while upholding capacity to address areas requiring further knowledge/training (Idczak, 2007). Before attaining this knowledge, I used to think that only the nurse’s determination and decision making were significant in providing nursing services. And although I knew the importance of planning, I underestimated its value. Collaboration of all parties involved in patient care and particularly consideration of patient’s needs are at the heart of nursing and planning is vital for effective service provision. Thus, my stance on service provision has changed. Previously I would only focus on the carer for evaluation of quality of nursing services but from now on I will be considering the characteristics of all parties involved in service provision, and I will emphasise on planning.

Market analysis of Jollibee Fast Food Restaurant Essay

Market analysis of Jollibee Fast Food Restaurant - Essay Example The company â€Å"Jollibee† was introduced in the year 1975 by five Chinese Filipino brothers known as the Tan Caktiong family. Initially, they opened a two branch ice-cream parlour (Thompson and Martin, 2005) which later developed into a fast food restaurant offering unique Filipino cuisine. Soon, the company emerged to be one of the most successful business food chains in Philippines. In 1981, Jollibee had established 11 stores in Manila whereas McDonald’s had just opened one store (Hill and Jain, 2011). By 2003, it had opened 467 stores in Manila and had earned a market share of more than 50% and revenue of $500 millions. It had surpassed the revenues of McDonalds in 2003 (Hill and Jain, 2011). The key strategies followed by Jollibee Company were as follows: ïÆ'Ëœ It offered American fast food but kept the Filipino cuisine in mind. For example, it served Asian style hamburgers and the pastas tasted like ‘Chinese Chowmein’. Desserts offered were of unique flavours like Peach Mango Pie and Banana Langka. They kept the local consumers’ taste and preference in mind (Thompson and Martin, 2005) ïÆ'Ëœ They studied the operation system and marketing strategies devised by McDonald’s very closely. Jollibee offered the same range of products but with a difference in taste, so that it would set them apart from its competitor (Hill and Jain, 2011). ïÆ'Ëœ Prices of food products were kept lower than that of McDonald’s (Hill and Jain, 2011).... Prices of food products were kept lower than that of McDonald’s (Hill and Jain, 2011). These strategies worked very well and eventually Jollibee became one of the most coveted and popular restaurants of Philippines. Environmental Analysis Current Market Trend and Position The company Jollibee is operating worldwide with 750 stores operating in the Philippines itself. It has become a market leader in fast food restaurant business. It enjoys a lion’s share of the profits that is greater than the other multinational brands combined. The company has embarked on an international expansion with 80 stores operating outside Philippines; 26 stores in the USA, 32 stores in Vietnam, 11 stores in Brunei and 7 stores in Qatar, Kuwait, Hong Kong and Jeddah. It has received the ‘Best Employer’ award in Philippines from Hewitt (Jollibee, 2013a). The company’s international marketing strategy has been a huge success and this is mainly due to the large flock of Filipi no population residing abroad, which provided as a readymade market base to the company (Gillespie, Jeannet and Hennessey, 2010). As per some theorists, the USA fast food market is saturated despite that Jollibee has performed very well in the US and the Middle East markets (Hill and Jain, 2011). According to a survey conducted in Philippines, Jollibee has received the highest ranking in the consumer category ahead of major brands like Nestle, Procter & Gamble, etc (Gillespie, Jeannet and Hennessey, 2010). Target customers The target customers of Jollibee Company would be consumers of all ages. Fast food is preferable among the teenagers and adults alike. Jollibee focuses on the importance of traditional family values and

Economic Depression Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economic Depression - Essay Example Economists and policymakers are concerned with these fluctuations and their effects to the economy. A typical business cycle goes through the stages of peak, recession, trough and recovery. Each stage of the business cycle shows the effects of fluctuations in the level of output and employment in the economy. During peak stage, the economy is near or at full capacity, as reflected by high level of output, rising prices and full employment. This is usually followed by a recession which if severe and prolonged causes economic depression. Recessions are as irregular as they are common (Mankiw 1997). At this stage, there is a decline in the total output, income, employment and trade. This results from the contraction of the business activities of the sectors in the economy. Because of these downfall, the general price level is also likely to fall and if the economy cannot recover from this period, economic depression will occur. Economists continue to debate about the causes of economic depression. They argued that it is due to decline in spending on goods and services because of the decline income. Their view uses the spending hypothesis as their explanation. This hypothesis blames the uncertainty about future growth that makes consumers consume less and save more of their incomes. This is what exactly the problem of China now.

Turning Paralympians into Super-humans Article Analysis

Turning Paralympians into Super-humans Article Analysis Critical Analysis of Pepper, P. Turning Paralympians into super-humans is no help to disabled people, The Guardian, 6 September, 2016 In Penny Peppers article Turning Paralympians into superhuman is no help to disabled people, which was originally published on the guardian website on the 6th of September, Penny Pepper contends that while characterising Paralympians as superhuman detracts away from the real issues that disable people have to deal with. Penny pepper highlights how disabled people are not being helped by the government and that the system in place doesnt do enough with regards to care and support for those who are disabled. The article Turning Paralympians into super-humans is no help to the disabled as Penny Pepper has been a writer and disability rights activist for over 20 years now and has an in depth knowledge of this subject. Peppers knowledge leads to an informative and insightful article creating much for the reader to consider in their day to day lives where many may not spend adequate time looking at how difficult the daily lives of those who are disabled can be and how much of this is possi bly down to a lack of infrastructure or down to unfulfilled promises from the government (Bagenstos, 2009). I think that this article does highlight issues that maybe do not get enough consideration and deserve a lot more examination in todays society. The main points of this article are, firstly, the campaign with which the author, Penny Pepper, has been tirelessly been fighting for. This is the fight for the independent living of Disabled people, which has gone again unnoticed after multiple campaigns for the independent living movement. The article then goes onto mention the cuts in funding that has led to terrible suffering for the disabled and also that there have been regular and consistent broken promises by the government which have led to these. Penny Pepper mentions the terrible living conditions that these situations have led to she says left living in their own mess and sleeping in vomit. (Pepper, 2016) The article then goes on to talk about how the majority of people on the committee simply cannot understand the reality of disabled lives and the inequality that there is. Pepper talks about three left-wing politicians and their support for her campaign. Pepper then goes onto discuss her concerns over whether labelling P aralympians as superhuman creates an image in which the only disabled person thats acceptable is a Paralympian. Which creates incredibly deep wounds for those who are disabled without being Paralympians. But, Pepper in the article, goes onto talk about how temporary this focus on the issue is and how it shouldnt just be highlighted for four weeks while the Paralympics goes on. Another one of Peppers points in the article is that of what is the social construct of disability and what, where and who came up with this social model of disability and whether it is outdated and need to be updated to be considered properly in a modern day sense. Pepper concludes with a look at the lack of government support and interest in helping the disabled within society and refusing to input finances into infrastructure that would help those who are disabled and how sadly within society there are still barriers with which those who are disable have to encounter and overcome. For example trying to get a job despite attempts by those in power (Wilsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Kovacs et al., 2008). Pepper concludes with her hopes for the future and where she hopes progress may take the disabled in society. Pepper concludes with the quote let us be ordinary, let us be every day and let us at least have rights. Rights to independent living. (Pepper, 2016). This returns the article to what Pepper started with which was the right to independent living. It is apparent throughout the article that there is an agenda behind what Penny Pepper is writing and that becomes visible while reading her article. Pepper uses her activism in everyday life to help support her article and by doing this she creates an article that is meant to be firstly informative about the struggles of disabled people within society(Quarmby, 2012). Peppers first hand experiences of what a disabled person has to encounter every day. Pepper manages to highlight how on a day to day basis there is a need for those in society who have this label of being disabled to be considered and a need for activism (Rhodes et al., 2008). This activism is anything from peaceful marches to articles to disabled or hacking a website which Graeme Ellis. Ellis sabotaged the conservative party website after he claimed that George Osbornes budget had gone some way to completely ignoring the plight of those in society who are disabled. This led to Graeme Ellis taking down the website for T he Conservative Disability Group. In my opinion I find this article to be an attempt to persuade the reader of the plight of the disabled and an attempt to get the reader to join the attempt to follow her attempts to create a better life for the disabled. However, I feel like it could be a stronger argument and if there was a bit more decision over whether her article was supposed to be informative or persuasive. The problem with this article is that, what was supposed to shed a positive light on the Paralympics. It was supposed to be a celebration of the abilities of those who are disabled. When Channel 4 released the Were the Superhumans advert with the backing song yes I can by Sammy Davis Jr. performed by a big band composed of musicians with disabilities. All these attempts were in an attempt to celebrate what people with disabilities can do. It was not supposed to be an illustration or an attempt to shame those who have disabilities that havent become Paralympians. This article tries to suggest that this advert was an assault on daily lives of those who are disabled. I fail to see how this is advert is anything else than an attempt to celebrate the achievements of those that are disabled. When Penny Pepper wrote in the Guardian editorial that The hyping of disabled athletes into superhuman status by Channel 4 only deepens our wounds, inflicted by continual assaults on our daily lives. S he portrays this as all negative, but through this advert the public in the UK became increasingly more excited and involved in the Paralympics. I believe that this is therefore not a bad thing as it creates a society where disability is in the forefront of societies mind. However, one of the strengths of this article written by Penny Pepper, is how she considers the idea of what the social construct of disability is. Pepper says Many disabled people know that disability is a social construct. This is a kindergarten-level social model of disability It is easy to forget the role that society plays in helping those who are disabled deal with everyday life. This is summed up well by the quote It is everyday socio-spatial environments which di-able people (Sawadsri, 2012). This includes the lack of ramps into public buildings and the presence of steps throughout towns and cities across the United Kingdom. These are factors that Pepper argues creates disability, but it goes so much further which I think Pepper tries to state. It is forgotten that so much of disability comes down to the attitudes of society.   Penny Pepper has been an activist for this and has regularly talked about these social barriers that disabled people have to deal with. These c an be split into three sections environment, attitudes and organisations. Under environment pepper talks about inaccessibility to buildings and services and this ties into what Pepper says with regards to the lack of governmental investment with regards to infrastructure. As Pepper says in the article while the unending fact of inaccessible environments and savage attacks on our services continues to invalidate such proposals. (Pepper, 2016) This goes onto how the attitudes within society makes it difficult for those who are disabled. Another example of these social barriers that Pepper mentions in her example. This therefore shows one of the strengths of Peppers article in highlighting what is regularly overlooked when attempting to help those who are disabled in society. The article highlights the role of society and how there is a way of helping those in disabled situations and creating a situation where disabled people are not represented as other but as just someone fully integ rated into society. (Garland-Thomson, 2002) Another feature of this article is its political aspect, which becomes apparent in the first quarter of the article. All the politicians that are mentioned are inherently left wing, including Jeremy Corbyn who is one of the stauncher left wing politicians in the United Kingdom today. This displays an attitude from Pepper that falls in line with popular opinion today suggesting that the right wing parties in the United Kingdom, the Conservatives, do not care about those who are disabled. It also suggests that she feels that she may be able to show that in her writing the left-wing politicians are the only people in government who are willing to help those in society who are disabled. It certainly displays an aspect to her writing where Pepper is trying to convince the reader that if they care about this issue then they must, almost, vote and identify with the left wing in the United Kingdom. Another columnist from The Guardian, Amelia Gentleman wrote it is simply no longer possible to be disabled and a Tory this was a quote from Graeme Ellis a life-long conservative voter and disability activist. This does however highlight the cuts that the conservative party has made since being in power to disability benefits. This therefore suggests that this article has a political agenda and thereby suggests that this article is aimed at a specific audience. This could also be explained by the publication being The Guardian newspaper which is renowned for being a more left wing newspaper in the United Kingdom. Finally, it is important to consider whether Penny Pepper has accomplished what she set out to do with writing her article. I think that Pepper does essentially achieve what she set out to do, which was to highlight her disagreement with Paralympians being labelled as superhuman but also to disagree with how the disabled are treated and supported in todays society (Wolbring, 2016). I think that Pepper could have created a more effective essay if she had considered fewer problems within society rather than have such a broad range of topics including social construct of disability and how politics is not helping those who are disabled in society. Therefore it could be said that to some extent Penny Pepper has achieved what she set out to do when writing this article with a well-researched article with a powerful conclusion. Therefore, it can be said in conclusion that this article is useful because it brings to the fore issues that may not be given enough thought in society today. I believe that this article does a good job of highlighting these issues and educating the reader in what could be done and what every person in society could do to help eliminate the social idea of what disability is. I think that one of the particular strengths of this article is Penny Peppers real life experiences of the challenges that disabled people face every day and what the responsibility of society is in the hope for progress as the years progress. For these reasons I think it can be said that this is a strong article with both well researched information and that is directed at the right audience. Word Count 1960 References Bagenstos, S. (2009). Law and the contradictions of the disability rights movement. 1st ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, pp.146-150. Garland-Thomson, R. (2002). Integrating Disability, Transforming Feminist Theory. NWSA Journal, [online] 14(3), pp.1-32. Available at: https://muse.jhu.edu/article/37970/summary [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Pepper, P. (2016). Turning Paralympians into superhumans is no help to disabled people. The Guardian. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/sep/06/paralympians-superhumans-disabled-people [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017]. Quarmby, K. (2012). Scapegoat. 1st ed. London: Portobello, pp.30-33. Rhodes, P., Nocon, A., Small, N. and Wright, J. (2008). Disability and identity: the challenge of epilepsy. Disability Society, 23(4), pp.385-395. Sawadsri, A. (2012). Do I Look Like an Object? A Quest of Exploring Person Place Relationship of Disabling. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, [online] 50, pp.418-428. Available at: http://research.ncl.ac.uk/forum/v10i1/4_Antika.pdf [Accessed 15 Mar. 2017]. Wilsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Kovacs, D., Ryan, M., Haslam, S. and Rabinovich, A. (2008). Just because you can get a wheelchair in the building doesnt necessarily mean that you can still participate: barriers to the career advancement of disabled professionals. Disability Society, [online] 23(7), pp.705-717. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09687590802469198 [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Wolbring, G. (2016). Employment, Disabled People and Robots: What Is the Narrative in the Academic Literature and Canadian Newspapers?. Societies, 6(2), p.15.

Reality of Sports :: Movies Film Basketball Essays

Reality of Sports Upon watching the films during this course we see many strong women. Female Athletes whose bodies are in peak condition from the real life champions in the documentary to the female boxer in Girl Fight and the passionate basketball player in Love and Basketball. However stories of real women are not always as ideal as those of Hollywood. Failure, both mentally and physically, is at times a harsh reality. Sometimes when somebody is physically injured it keeps an athlete from the game entirely, if the injury is severe enough. But one may recover physically and never have quite the same mental attitude. The main character in this plot will encounter both physical and mental set backs and either triumph over her hardships or be defeated. A fourteen-year old girl runs into the gymnasium of her middle school with her teammates. They do their warm up routine to stretch their muscles. Form one of two sets of bleachers a handful of people cheer, mostly bored younger siblings and parents supporting their little girls. The baskets have been lowered at opposing ends of the court. The referee sounds her whistle for the game to begin. The two tallest girls from either team stand toe to toe posed for the toss up. Third quarter, the away team has the advantage. The fourteen year old is playing with all of her strength of body and heart. The ball is thrown; she intercepts it. Dribbling down the court, she goes for the open lay up. In mid air she is struck by a vengeful for whom threw the misguided pass. They take a hard fall jumbled on the floor, out of bounds. The girl from the visiting team stands up. The other does not. She is on the floor grabbing her knee. The coaches run out to her, and lift her up to take her back to the b ench. The game continues as she sits with a towel over head to hide the tears of anguish. A few doctors later and her joint is still not quite the same. She struggles in high school trying to get back on a team, but her knee fails her. Eventually she becomes scared to even hoops in her backyard for fear of hr knee's health. She does not want to continue injuring the same knee for fear of becoming crippled. Eventually she gives up on joining a team.

Nestle Operations

THE NESTLE STORY Nestle S. A. the present Switzerland based international food group, originally consisted of two companies and two products: Henri Nestle and his baby food in Vevey, and the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk company and its condensed Milk Company and its condensed milk in Cham, both in Switzerland. In 1866 the Page Brothers form the United States set up a new industry in Cham, making condensed milk from a raw material that was available in abundance in the region. In 1867 Henri Nestle a chemist in Vevey, created a milk and cereal based food for babies.The companies competed vigorously until 1905, when they merged and became the starting point of the present food group.MEANING OF NESTLE: Henri Nestle endowed his company with the symbol derived from his name. His family coat of arms, the nest with a mother bird protecting her young, became the Company's logo and a symbol of the Company's care and attitude to life-long nutrition. The Nestle nest represents the nourishment, security and sense o f family that are so essential to life.BRIEF HISTORY OF NESTLE: 1866 -1905In the 1860s Henri Nestle, a pharmacist, developed a food for babies who were unable to breastfeed. 1905-1918 In 1905 Nestle merged with the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company. By the early 1900s, the company was operating factories in the United States, Britain, Germany and Spain.. 1918 -1938 . The 1920s saw Nestle's first expansion into new products, with chocolate the Company's second most important activity. 1938 -1944 Nestle felt the effects of World War II immediately. Profits dropped from $20 million in 1938 to $6 million in 1939.Factories were established in developing countries, particularly Latin America. Ironically, the war helped with the introduction of the Company's newest product, Nescafe, which was a staple drink of the US military.. 1944 -1975 In 1947 came the merger with Magi seasonings and soups. Crosse & Blackwell followed in 1950, as did Findus (1963), Libby's (1971) and Stouffer's (1973). Diversification came with a shareholding in L'Oreal in 1974. 1975 -1981 Nestle made its second venture outside the food industry by acquiring Alcon Laboratories Inc.. 1981 -1996Nestle divested a number of businesses1980 / 1984. In 1984, Nestle's improved bottom line allowed the Company to launch a new round of acquisitions, the most important being American food giant Carnation. 1996+ The first half of the 1990s proved to be favorable for Nestle: trade barriers crumbled and world markets developed into more or less integrated trading areas. Since 1996 there have been acquisitions including San Pellegrino (1997), Spillers Pet foods (1998) and Ralston Purina (2002). There were two major acquisitions in North America, both in 2002: in July, Nestle merged its U.S. ice cream business into Dreyer's, and in August, a USD 2. 6bn acquisition was announced of Chef America, Inc NESTLE TODAY Nestle is now the world’s largest food company. It is present on five continents, has an annual turnover 70 billion Swiss francs ,runs 522 factories in 81 countries, 200operating companies, 1basic research center and 20 technological development group and more than 231,000 employees the world over. The Nestle factories are operating in the region of   Africa America Asia Europe OceaniaBeing a company dedicated to food from the beginning, Nestle remains sensitive to culinary and eating habits, and responds to specific nutritional problems, whilst also setting and matching new trends such as growing out-of-home consumption and caring about the well being of its consumers.MISSION STATEMENT Nestle, believe that research can help them make better food so that people live a better life. Good Food is the primary source of Good Health throughout life. Nestle strive to bring consumers foods that are safe, of high quality and provide optimal nutrition to meet physiological needs.In addition to Nutrition, Health and Wellness, Nestle products bring consumers the vital ingredients of tas te and pleasure. As consumers continue to make choices regarding foods and beverages they consume, Nestle helps provide selections for all individual taste and lifestyle preferences. Research is a key part of heritage at Nestle and an essential element of future. There is still much to discover about health, wellness and the role of food in lives, and continue to search for answers to bring consumers Good Food for Good LifeVISION STATEMENTThe Nestle global vision is to be the leading health, wellness, and Nutrition Company in the world.NESTLE BRANDS At Nestle, products are developed keeping consumers, their preferences and health in mind. Millions of consumers the world over trust Nestle products for good reason: when they choose a Nestle product they have the satisfaction of choosing quality, taste, variety, convenience and the good nutrition. With over 140 years of experience and expertise, Nestle take great pride in bringing us a portfolio of health and wellness because happy, he althy consumers are important to Nestle.The ten principles of business operations Nutrition, Health and Wellness Nestle core aim is to enhance the quality of consumers’ lives every day, everywhere by offering tastier and healthier food and beverage choices and encouraging a healthy lifestyle. Nestle express this viatheir corporate proposition Good Food, Good Life. Guided by their commitment to Nutrition, Health and Wellness, they work to increase the nutritional value of their products while also improving taste and enjoyment. Nestle also develop brand communication and information that encourages and empowers onsumers to make informed choices about their diet. Quality assurance and product safety Everywhere in the world, the Nestle name represents a promise to the consumer that the product is safe and of high standard. Nestle commitment is never to compromise on the safety of any product. Their Quality Policy summarizes the essentials of their passion for excellence:to build trust by offering products and services that match consumer expectation and preference;to comply with all internal and external food safety, regulatory and quality requirements.Quality is everybody’s commitment. Nestle continuously challenge theirselves in order to constantly improve and achieve the highest levels of quality. It maintain the same high food safety standards in all countries in which they operate. They ensure the delivery of high quality products through their Quality Management System. Consumer communication Nestle is committed to responsible, reliable consumer communication that empowers consumers to exercise their right to informed choice and promotes healthier diets.They respect consumer privacy. Their core business strategy is built around helping consumers to have a balanced, healthier diet. The Nestle Consumer Communication Principles contain mandatory rules on marketing communication to all consumers, including accurate representation and portrayal of foods in a way that does not encourage over? consumption. In addition, specific principles guide their communication to children including no advertising or marketing activity to children under 6 years of age.Advertising to children from 6 to 12 years is restricted to products that meet predetermined nutritional profiling criteria, including clear limits on energy and healthsensitive ingredients such as sugars, salt, saturated fat and trans fatty acids. Human rights in business activities Nestle fully support the United Nations Global Compact’s (UNGC) guiding principles on human rights and labor and aim to provide an example of good human rights and labor practices throughout nestle business activities.Leadership and personal responsibility Nestle success is based on their people. It treat each other with respect and dignity and expect everyone to promote a sense of personal responsibility. Nestle recruit competent and motivated people who respect their values, provide equal opportunities for their development and advancement, protect their privacy and do not tolerate any form of harassment or discrimination. Nestle Management and Leadership PrinciplesNestle Management and Leadership Principles describe the culture and basic values they expect their employees to uphold, as well as the attributes needed to be successful in management and leadership Safety and health at work Nestle is committed to preventing accidents, injuries and illness related to work, and to protect employees, contractors and others involved along the value chain. Nestle Policy on Safety and Health at Work establishes safety as a non-negotiable priority of their culture.They recognize and require that everyone play an active role in providing a safe and healthy environment, and promote awareness and knowledge of safety and health to employees, contractors and other people related to or impacted by their business activities by setting high standards. Nestle monitor their performance t hrough the Nestle Occupational Safety and Health Management System to assure a safe and healthy life. Supplier and customer relations Nestle require their suppliers, agents, subcontractors and their employees to demonstrate honesty, integrity and fairness, and to adhere to their non-negotiable standards.In the same way, they are committed to their own customers. The Supplier Code includes requirements such as business integrity, sustainable operating and agricultural practices, labor standards, safety, health and environmental . practices. Agriculture and rural development Nestle contribute to improvements in agricultural production, the social and economic status of farmers, rural communities and in production systems to make them more environmentally sustainable.To ensure that their factories obtain raw materials competitively and at required quality and safety specifications Nestle engage in developing sustainable agricultural practices and systems that contribute to long-term pr oduction efficiency, viable incomes for farmers and the transfer of agricultural knowledge to suppliers;Nestle support the application of new technologies and advances in agricultural science, including the opportunities offered by bioscience when their positive effect on food safety, environment, agricultural practices and production efficiency are scientifically confirmed and accepted by consumers. Environmental sustainability Nestle commit themselves to environmentally sustainable business practices.At all stages of the product life cycle they strive to use natural resources efficiently, favor the use of sustainably managed renewable resources, and target zero waste. They invest continuously to improve their environmental performance. Water Nestle is committed to the sustainable use of water and continuous improvement in water management. It recognize that the world faces a growing water challenge and that responsible management of the world’s resources by all water users is an absolute necessity. Water is a particular area of focus for Nestle. The Nestle Commitments on Water set out their priorities nd objectives on responsible water usage. These are to continue their efforts to reduce the amount of water used in their operations, ensure that activities respect local water resources, ensure that the water they discharge into the environment is clean, engage with suppliers to promote water conservation, especially among farmers, and reach out to others on water conservation and access. Nestle is a founding signatory of the United Nations Global Compact CEO Water Mandate. It monitor and improve water efficiency through their water resources management specialists and in their factories with their environmental Nestle specialists n line with the Nestle Environmental Management System. It recognize the right of all people to have access to clean water to meet their basic needs.SWOT ANALYSIS: Strengths: The first and the most important strength of Nestle is the name of company itself. They never compromise on quality. They produce quality products according to the specification of customer. Their system of sale & sale promotion is also one of the strength of Nestle. In the area in which they want to sell the product they hold seminars and shows. In this area they monitor the sale and increase the production.They try to convince ultimate consumer. The milk collection procedure of Nestle is also one of its strength. They collect milk from selected people and check its purity at the location. Then special trucks take it to factory. Where they boil milk at 140 degree centigrade and then cool it. This process is repeated for 3 to 4 times. There milk contains 3. 5% fat, which is recommended internationally. Weaknesses: One of the weakness of nestle is the product range of Nestle. As there product line is very vast, so they cannot give equal attention toward the promotion of each product.We can take the example of candies produced by Nest le, they give absolutely no attention toward promoting them despite the fact that if we consider the trust people have on nestle brand there is a large market for candies, While they are promoting their milk products effectively. The reason behind this discrepancy is that they have limited budget to promote their products. The other weakness of Nestle is that the company has a very limited number of sales staff in the southern Punjab due to which they are losing some market. Opportunities: Nestle can increase their share if they focus on lower middle class.We can take the example of small pack of Every Day tea whitener whose introduction increases the sales of nestle tremendously. The reason for this was that the price of Every Day tea whitener was with in the range of lower middle class. So, Nestle can increase its share by focusing on lower middle class. The other opportunity for Nestle is that if they introduced milk bottle like Candia and sell them directly to the customers they can increase their share. By selling directly to customers means that they provide milk to the people at their doorsteps. Threats:In Pakistan Nestle face threats from lower companies. We can take the example Haleeb and Dairy Queen. The sales of these products have badly affected the sale of Nestle Milk Pack. Haleeb is well promoted than the Nestle Milk Pak. Nestle also face threat from Cadbury, which is multinational company. Cadbury sell candies and chocolates and it affect the sale of Nestle products in the field of candies Research & Development Nestle's research and development centers have two primary objectives: to create new products and manufacturing processes and to improve those that already exist.Along with product quality and safety, the conservation of resources and the preservation of the environment form an integral part of the development criteria for new projects. Research and development encompasses a wide range of environmentally-related activities with emphasis on: ? environmentally sound production techniques and sourcing criteria for agricultural raw materials; ? processing methods that minimize water and energy consumption, as well as waste generation ? packaging designs that reduce total waste and enable environmentally sound disposal options while safeguarding product safety and quality innovative ways to recover by-products and thus generate secondary raw materials and energy. For important product or process innovation and renovation, Nestle's research and development centers prepare an environmental impact study. This covers significant aspects in the product life cycle, from the sourcing of raw materials, through processing, to the packaged consumer product and the end-life of the packaging material. This study is carefully evaluated, in conjunction with detailed information on the potential manufacturing site, to ensure that new projects meet Nestle's environmental standards.Of the 807 million Swiss francs spent in 1998 on Nestle R throughout the Group, a good part went towards enhancing the wholesomeness of our products. Additionally, these expenditures improved our production process, created better packaging, and avoided waste and unwanted residues.R IS MAKING A DIFFERENCE As an example, significant progress has been made in recent years in energy and water intensive blanching and cooking operations. At the end of these processes water must be removed which resulted in wasted energy and raw materials — vegetables or pasta for example.Now water is replaced by steam at low pressure. As a result, water consumption was reduced by 80% and product losses during cooking were more than halved. This means lower costs for energy and for wastewater treatment, while at the same time increasing the product yield by 6%. In another example, extraction residues from the production of chicory-based instant drinks, which were expensive to dispose of, have been turned into a valuable animal feed ingredient. A recent processing improvement for french fries showed product quality can be significantly improved while also saving energy.One conclusion of R is that what is good for the environment is often synonymous with good industrial practice. Preserving Species The disappearance of many species and varieties of animals and plants is a reality. Over the past few years, this issue has attracted increasing recognition and much is being done today to preserve the earth's biological diversity. Industry plays an important role in these efforts since many business sectors depend on nature's diversity for their sustainable success.Nestle, as the world's largest single buyer of coffee and cocoa, lives up to its responsibility by developing the most advanced preservation techniques for many different coffee and cocoa varieties threatened by extinction. In addition, Nestle collaborates with public research institutes to share its experience and makes its results freely available. In the future, Nestle R&D units are determined to build environmental protection into products and processes right from the start. High on the agenda are integrated farming techniques involving minimal use of fertilizers and chemicals, and ecourse to biological pest control methods whenever possible. SUPPLY CHAIN Agricultural Raw Materials In general, Nestle is not directly involved in the production of raw materials. Wherever possible, locally available raw materials are used.They are either obtained directly from producers or purchased through trade channels. Nestle applies the following principles when sourcing raw materials: ? all raw materials must meet both legal and internal quality criteria, including limits on possible environmental contaminants; ? whenever possible, preference is given to raw materials that are produced by environmentally sound farming methods (e. . integrated crop management); and; ? farmers are encouraged to apply sustainable farming methods and, where appropriate, are provided with assistance in crop production and dairy farming.Such assistance includes the provision of recommendations for the conservation of natural resources (soil, water, air, energy, bio-diversity) and techniques for reducing environmental impact. Manufacturing Manufacturing comprises all processes that are necessary to transform perishable raw materials into safe and convenient food products for consumers. Nestle strives to achieve optimal performance in its manufacturing activities, including the nvironmental aspects. As such, the manufacturing practices of the Group: ? respect natural resources by emphasizing the efficient use of raw materials, water and energy; ? ? ? minimize the use of environmentally-hazardous substances; continuously seek improvement in the efficiency of production facilities; and reduce waste generation and emissions as much as possible, consider recycling of waste a priority and dispose of non-recyclable waste in an environmentally sound manner.Regular environ mental assessments of Nestle's manufacturing practices are conducted to: ? ? valuate factory performance; review factory compliance with applicable legislation and Nestle's own standards; ? fully investigate incidents that could affect the environment and take relevant measures; and ? compare results with previous targets and set new improvement objectives. In addition, Nestle exchanges information on environmental protection technology and practices in order to ensure a wide use of best practices. Nestle encourages its contract manufacturers to use environmentally sound manufacturing practices.Environmental Performance of Our Factories Minimizing the environmental impact of our factories has always been a prime onsideration. Therefore, we periodically review environmental performance of the entire Nestle Group. The results are very encouraging: ? ? Nestle has no major environmental problems. Nestle complies with relevant regulations or, in a few exceptional cases, has initiated act ion to do so. ? Measures taken are proactive and often anticipate future regulations. Many times, measures taken to improve the environment also reduce costs. These surveys also allow us to put concrete figures to our efforts: Over the past years, Nestle has invested an average of some 100 million Swiss francs per year in specific measures to protect the environment.This amounts to approximately 3% of total capital expenditure and includes only readily identifiable environmental investments. In addition, substantial amounts were expended as part of regular capital investment projects and factory environmental operating costs. Examples of these additional expenditures include environmental aspects related to factory construction and renovation, environmental training of personnel, and maintenance costs for wastewater treatment facilities.PackagingPackaging serves a major role in our daily lives. It protects food products from spoilage and ensures safety from manufacture through stora ge, distribution and consumption. Packaging may also provide tamper-evidence features. It communicates information, including nutritional information and serving instructions, and provides the convenience demanded by today's consumers. Nestle is committed to reducing the environmental impact of packaging, without jeopardizing the safety, quality or consumer acceptance of its products.It is Nestle's objective to develop safe and wholesome packaged foods using the most efficient and appropriate packaging materials available, while, at the same time, satisfying consumer requirements and expectations. Nestle seeks packaging solutions that: ? ? result in the lowest possible weight and volume of packages; take into account new packaging materials and processes that reduce the impact on the environment; ? avoid the use of substances that can adversely impact the environment during packaging production and disposal; ? ecrease packaging waste at all stages, including package manufacturing, u se and disposal; ? ? increase the use of recycled materials wherever possible; and increase the recyclability and compatibility of its packages with existing packaging waste management schemes. Regular assessments of Nestle's packaging are carried out and action plans are implemented. Nestle supports industrial and governmental efforts to promote integrated waste management that takes into consideration matters such as source reduction, reuse, recycling, composting, energy recovery, and landfill.Nestle encourages suppliers of its packaging materials to adopt sound environmental practices. Packaging Source Reduction Packaging waste is one environmental issue that affects the entire consumer goods industry. However, the gap is wide between reality and perception: While food packaging accounts for less than 1% of total solid waste in most countries, it is highly visible to consumers. Even if the problem of food packaging is small in relation to overall environmental problems, it is nev ertheless an important issue for Nestle. The most direct opportunity to educe the scale of the problem is to use as little material as possible. This is not a recent effort by the food industry. Over the last four decades, between the 1950s and 1990s, the weight of a glass milk bottle has been reduced by 36%, a steel food can by 66%, and an aluminium beer can by 81%. Even though packaging source reduction has always been a consideration, we decided to reinforce these efforts in a more systematic way. The first world-wide environmental packaging survey was completed in 1991 for the Nestle Group and has been repeated annually ever since.The last survey revealed that by the end of 1998, Nestle, without compromising product quality, reduced our use of packaging materials by nearly 150,000 tons compared to 1990. A few recent examples that underline Nestle's efforts: In Australia the Easter Egg Novelty cartons were reduced in size by altering the design to provide support for the egg. The new design resulted in a 31% reduction in use of paper board. In Pakistan the Nestle NIDO package, which consisted of 4 bags in a display box, was replaced by an aluminium stand-up pouch. This resulted in a 39% reduction, or 47 tons, and saves 290,000 Swiss francs per year.In Indonesia the Nestle Dancow 200 and 400g display boxes were reduced in size by 18 and 25%, respectively. This resulted in a waste reduction of 38 tons and saved nearly 100,000 Swiss francs per year. In Columbia the display box for Maggi bouillon tablets was eliminated. This resulted in a reduction of 303 tons of packaging material and represented a savings of over one million Swiss francs per year. While important progress has already been achieved, we strive to continuously identify opportunities for further reduction. Distribution Distribution of products from the factory to the customer involves transport and storage.Efficient management of the distribution system is essential to preserve the safety and qua lity of Nestle's products, to ensure a high level of customer service, and to meet its commitment to environmentally sound business practices. To this end, Nestle: ? selects appropriate transportation modes, with particular attention given to optimum unit loads (pallets), vehicle-capacity utilization, route planning, and consolidation with outside partners, scheduling, and fuel conservation; ? optimises warehouse and distribution center locations and environmentally efficient operational systems; and ? dentifies and implements measures to reduce energy consumption and waste. Nestle encourages its distribution service providers to use environmentally sound practices. Distributing our goods from factory to retail centers consumes some 400 million liters of fuel each year. While we undertake every effort to reduce this, it is useful to put this figure into perspective: the distribution of 10 kg of our products from factories to retail outlets in Europerequires an average of 0. 25 liter s of fuel. To transport the same amount from the supermarket to home, consumers burn, on average, one to two liters of fuel. Efficient Container LoadingImproving transport efficiency benefits the environment, but it also makes economic sense. Seemingly simple measures, such as replacing bulky wooden pallets by thin, carton-type slip-sheets, have the potential to save more than 600 international truck journeys a year in our European operations alone. Optimizing shipping cases to fill transport vehicles without leaving gaps between differently shaped containers, together with optimal route planning, Nestle has already achieved substantial savings. Pioneering Rail Transport In countries with competitive railways, moving goods from road to rail is an effective option to reduce road congestion.For example: ? Vittel has developed a specially adapted block train concept to supply its regional terminals in France. Vittel transports nearly half of its production, or over 930 million bottles per year, by rail. ? Our Swiss, and later the Austrian subsidiary, convinced the railways to offer overnight trains to bring goods from the national distribution centers to terminal stations for local deliveries by road. Marketing Marketing is based on the principle of satisfying consumers' needs. The overall trust of consumers in Nestle's brands and products comes from a quality image that has been continuously strengthened for over 130 years.Nestle strives to increase this trust through its commitment to environmentally sound business practices. For this reason, Nestle: ? opposes short-term, opportunistic â€Å"green marketing† that can mislead the consumer; ? bases environmental claims in advertising, promotional material, labelling, and corporate communications on solid scientific evidence; and ? selects materials and printing methods for merchandising materials such as consumer offers, in-store promotions, display materials, leaflet, and printed materials in light of env ironmental considerations.No â€Å"Green Marketing† Nestle adheres to the Code on Environmental Advertising established by the International Chamber of Commerce. This Code is based on the principle of self- regulation and self-discipline and is intended to assist companies in making responsible use of environmental claims in advertising. Sustainable Development For Nestle, respect for the environment is part of a broader perspective on sustainable development. Nestle has adhered to The Business Charter for Sustainable Development of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) since its publication in 1991.Measures for environmental protection often trigger beneficial economic and social effects, and vice-versa. Since the Rio Summit in 1992, all of society, be it governments, industry, NGOs or others, have tried to translate the sustainable development concept into reality. As part of this effort, we participate in the work of several organizations dealing with this subject: F or example, we are a founding member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) in Geneva, and we contribute actively in the Working Group Sustainable Development in the City of Vevey. Nestle Working with CommunitiesSouth Africa Nestle is supporting several community-based organizations in putting sustainable development into practice. Recently, in South Africa, we have given support to Eco Link and LEAP to finance and help manage programs which clean up the environment and improve hygiene in rural areas. The Eco Link project is aimed at providing assistance through education. People are taught to collect litter such as paper, cardboard and cans, which when put in a trench and covered with a compost can then be used to plant vegetables. The litter provides the necessary drainage and moisture retention.The project has dual advantages: it cleans up the environment and provides fresh vegetables for the family, as well as providing an income when surplus food is g rown. This program is now being presented to school children who are encouraged to grow small gardens at school. In rural areas water supply is a major problem. Women can spend almost 5 hours a day collecting water for the home. In addition, the springs from which they take the water are often used by animals and can be polluted. Nestle is taking part in a project to help villagers establish a supply of clean water near to home.People were taught how to identify sources of underground springs and to channel rain water and store it in reasonably hygienic conditions. The team taught villagers how to construct a tank to catch the rain water using corrugated iron and wire mesh as a â€Å"mould† which is then plastered with a cement, stone and sand mixture. With a wooden cover on top and a tap at the base the villagers have the means to store clean, drinkable water. Information, Communication & Training Nestle provides information on its activities, including those related to the protection of the environment.Within this context, Nestle: ? communicates its environmental efforts, both inside and outside the Company, to build understanding concerning its environmental commitment; ? fosters strong environmental awareness and responsibility among its employees through training programs; and ? shares environmental information with governments, local communities, industry, consumers and other interested stakeholders. We do this through a wide variety of means. For example, our factory environmental surveys involve thousands of people at all levels, from top management to the factory floor.These practical exercises are reinforced by in-house magazines, specialized newsletters, and videos. To help educate the public, Nestle works with organizations that produce films on environmental issues, sponsor re-forestation programs, or create educational materials for the public. These activities are also important to our role in sustainable development. At our international training center in Switzerland, environmental issues are now a regular part of courses attended by Nestle's international executives. These efforts are multiplied by countless training sessions organized by our Group companies.Internal communication and training are a priority for Nestle. As a people-driven company, employees are our most important asset. Thus, we emphasize all measures that help them act in an environmentally responsible manner. Legislation Nestle complies with all laws and regulations which apply to its activities, including those involving the environment. To promote an effective regulatory system with respect to the environment, Nestle: ? participates in legislative and regulatory discussions between international organizations, government representatives, industry, the scientific community, and consumer associations; ? ? supports appropriate voluntary initiatives designed to protect the environment; fosters rational environmental laws and regulations; opposes unjustified prohibitions and other discriminatory measures; and ? favors the harmonizing of environmental laws, regulations and standards in order to eliminate existing and future trade barriers. Nestle Environmental Management System Nestle has made systematic efforts to account for environmental concerns of all its activities.In particular, we have appointed environmental officers, issued policies, conducted environmental surveys, reinforced training efforts, developed environmental communications, and made many innovations in our packaging. To complement and integrate these efforts, we created and implemented Nestle's own Environmental Management System. The Nestle Environmental Management System (NEMS) is an essential corporate management tool that consolidates all organizational and technical measures taken by the Group to achieve environmentally sound business practices.The NEMS objectives include the following: ? to provide a systematic approach that ensures compliance with N estle's environmental policy, applicable legislation and Nestle's operational standards; ? to ensure the continuous improvement of Nestle's environmental performance, for example, through the conservation of natural resources and minimizing waste; ? to achieve compatibility with international voluntary standards on environmental management systems, such as ISO 14001 and the European Union Eco-Management and Audit Scheme; and ? o build mutual trust with consumers, governmental authorities and business partners. The Nestle Environmental Management System is being implemented throughout Nestle's entire operation. We believe NEMS will enhance our global performance and contribute to our competitiveness in the world market. NEMS in Action: Germany First EMAS Registration of a Nestle Factory at Weiding, Germany On December 19, 1995, our factory in Weiding, Germany became the first Nestle factory in Europe to be registered in the European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS).This means t hat Weiding's environmental management system and public environmental statement have been examined and validated by an external, accredited verifier. Weiding Factory Greatly Reduced Disposed Waste Even Prior to EMAS Employing around 900 people and producing more than 550 high-value products ranging from infant foods to condensed milk to chilled deserts, the Weiding factory is one of largest plants in Germany. The existence of a comprehensive waste management scheme at the factory was of great assistance in developing the new environmental management system.As part of the development of the environmental management system, environmental manuals were prepared both for the factory and Nestle Germany. These manuals provide the foundation of the system setting policies, principles, and management procedures related to the environmental aspects of the operations. In addition, a site-related environmental statement was published that included an â€Å"invitation to dialogue† addres sed to employees, authorities, clients, suppliers, the media, and neighboring communities. The EMAS registration has been successfully repeated in 1998 and complemented with an ISO 14001 ertification. Following Weiding, several other Nestle factories throughout the world have succeeded in obtaining ISO 14001 certification and EMAS registration. NEMS in Action: USA In 1996, the Danville, Virginia, USA factory was the first Nestle US factory to fully implement NEMS – which is based on and consistent with ISO 14001 Danville has shown that good environment is also good business. In the first year of implementing NEMS, the factory reduced solid waste by over 10% resulting in savings of $370,000 and reduced its wastewater impact and concentrations by 8%.These successes were made possible through the dedication of the factory employees and a strong emphasis on training and awareness. The factory implemented an environmental training program as part of the new employee orientation an d the semiannual environmental training for all employees. Waste Reduced Through NEMS NEMS Supports the Environment and Business Cumulative Savings The continuing nature of NEMS has facilitated similar accomplishments annually. To date, factory savings related to NEMS have exceeded $800,000 and solid wastes have been reduced by 41%.NEMS in Action: Philippines Part of NEMS is ensuring a high degree of employee environmental awareness. As an example, Nestle Philippines, in implementation of NEMS, prepared through an interdisciplinary task force, a highly regarded environmental training program. This program is continuously provided to groups of employees and highlights specific issues related to their job functions and protection of the environment. The success of this program is evidenced by the numerous awards received by Nestle Philippines manufacturing facilities.Most notable of these are: ? â€Å"Outstanding Healthy Workplace Award† given by government agencies including t he Department of Health, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, and the Department of Labor and Employment, to the Cabuyao and Lipa Factories in 1998. ? â€Å"Mother Nature Award† given by the Pollution Control Association of the Philippines in 1998. ? â€Å"Anvil Award of Excellence† given by the Public Relations Society of the Philippines for Nestle's efforts in enhancing the environmental awareness of the public. â€Å"Most Environment-Friendly Company† Award given by the Laguna Lake Development Authority to three Nestle factories (Cabuyao, Aurora, and Alabang) in 1996. ? One of the â€Å"Greenest Company† Awards given by the DENR to the Aurora factory in 1996. The water discharge from these facilities is of very high quality. Tilapia, a fresh water fish, often harvested for food, abundantly grows in the clarifying ponds and discharge canals of their treatment facilities. Nestle Pakistan Nestle MilkPak Limited (NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.L) was incor porated in Pakistan under the Companies Ordinance, 1984 & listed on Karachi and Lahore stock exchanges since 1980. Joint venture between Nestle Switzerland and MilkPak Limited came about in 1988. Nestle Pure Life was launched in Pakistan in 1998 REGIONAL SALES OFFICES Nestle has 10 Regional Sales Offices in all over the Pakistan. : Karachi F – 77/1, Block 7,Clifton, KDA Scheme 5,Karachi, Sind, Pakistan Phone: (021) 5833935-6 Fax: (021) 5833937 Hyderabad 178, Block C, Unit 2Latifabad, Hyderabad, Sind, Pakistan Phone: (0221) 860403Fax: (0221) 863202 Sukkur F – 33/5 – CWorkshop RoadSukkur, Sind, Pakistan.Phone: (071) 615946Fax: (071) 615946 Lahore 29-B, Main Gulberg,Lahore, Punjab, PakistanPhone: (042) 5754335-6, 5761484Fax: (042) 515061 Quetta 63 B – D, Chaman Housing Scheme, Opposite Askari Park Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan Phone: (081) 834887Fax: (081) 822297 Islamabad 74-W, Yaseen Plaza, 1st Floor, Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: (051) 271874-75,8 24328, 824384, 274376 These offices work under their respective zonal offices Registered & Corporate Office Is in Lahore 308 – Upper Mall, Lahore PABX: 5757082-95 Fax: 5711820 Faisalabad House No. 4-Y-103 Madina Town,Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Phone: (041)726993Fax: (041) 47438 Gujranwala Plot No: 144-A, First Floor Satellite-Town Market, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Phone: (055) 3733415 Fax: (055) 3733415 Peshawar 201, 2nd Floor, City Tower, Jamrud Road, B Block,Peshawar, N. W. F. P. , Pakistan Phone: (091) 840859, 842415Fax: (091)45516 Multan Surij Miani Road, Chungi No. ,Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Phone: (061) 515061Fax: (061) 515061 Quetta 63 B – D, Chaman Housing Scheme, Opposite Askari Park Quetta, Baluchistan, Pakistan Phone: (081) 834887Fax: (081) 822297 Islamabad 74-W, Yaseen Plaza, 1st Floor, Blue Area, Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: (051) 271874-75,824328, 824384, 274376 These offices work under their respective zonal offices Registered & Corporate Office Is in Lahore 308 – Upper Mall, Lahore PABX: 5757082-95 Fax: 5711 SALES ORGANIZATION HIERARCHY Managing Director IAN Donald Sales Director Zafar Hussain Shah Zonal Sales Manager Ammad MalikRegional Sales Manager Abdul Mateen Khan Area Sales Manager 6 ASM Territory Incharge TI 14 Order Booker FACTORIES 250 Nestle has two factories in Pakistan for the production of different food items. One in Sheikhupura near Lahore and other in Kabirwala near Multan Product Design Product design can be defined as the idea generation, concept development, testing and manufacturing or implementation of a physical object or service The Nestle Pure Life water bottles themselves have a shaped design, sort of a hour-glass shape with larger top and bottom with indented waist.The bottom 1/3 of the bottle has ridged lines to help with hold and grip on the bottle There is a bright blue label strip that runs around Unique bottle design, developed by designer’s team, catchy self-adhesive and glossy labe l, and trendy name, give to the product the edge that is needed to be spotted on the shelves INFLUENCES UPON DESIGN ? Service Expected. ? Appearance ? Shipping Costs ? Cost to Manufacture ? consumer preferences Nestle Milkpak Ltd. As a consequence of joint venture arrangement between NestleS. A. of Switzerland and Milkpak Ltd.In 1988, the existing production facility of Milkpak in Sheikhupura became a part of Nestle Milkpak. The Milkpak Sheikhupura factory had commenced operations in1981 as a producer of UHT milk. By 1988, it had expanded its operation and was also producing butter, cream, Desi ghee – all under the brand name of MILKPAK and juice drinks under the brand name FROST. Conscious of the large food market that Pakistan offered, Nestle Milkpak drew up ambitious expansion plans. While re-organizing and re-enforcing the production of existing brands, it lost no time in giving shape to new production lines.The first to come was a milk powder plant, which not only began producing NIDO in 1990but was also critical to the production of several milk-based products in the future. With the installation of the roller dryer in1990, the first such product to come was CERELAC – an internationally recognized brand on infant cereal, followed by LACTOGEN 1 & 2 in 1991. The year 1992 saw the introduction of tea whitener EVERYDAY and milk powder in bulk packing named GLORIA. MILO and NESLAC came under production in 1994 and MILO RTD, In 1995. Local packing of coffee mixes under the name of NESCAFE 3 in 1commenced the same year.In 1996, Nestle Milkpak Ltd. first confectionery plant of POLO Mint was installed and the line of NESTL’E PURE ORANGE JUICE was also added. Packaging of coffee under the brand name NESCAFE CLASSIC was under taken the same year. In 1997 NESTL’E WHEAT and two variants of POLO viz. strawberry and Orange were introduced. 1998 has been, by far, the most outstanding year for Nestle Milkpak. As a result of the timely implemen tation of major expansion plans, involving a substantial capital outlay, no less than 17 products were launched during the year.Significantly, the factory now houses three new flavors of POLO in addition to two flavors of POLO, namely Black current and Strong Mint brought the number of POLO variants to five. A new variant Lemony was added to the range of popular FROST fruit drink flavors and a new 1-liter packing of FROST was introduced. Three flavored milk – Vanilla, Strawberry and Mango, under the brand FRESH & FRUITY, came under production on the new Tetra Filling Machine equipped with the modern â€Å"slim† format. MILO RTD and UHT Cream were also shifted over to this new format.A flexible confectionery line for the manufacture of a wide range of high and low boiled sweets and toffees was commissioned, with TOFFO and two variants of SOOTHERS – Menthol Eucalyptus and Honey Lemon, being the maiden products. Nestle Milkpak also contracted to supply dairy mixes to McDonald’s, for its popular soft serves and milk shakes. And to top it all, the most prestigious project, NESTLE PURE LIFE was also commissioned in December1998. based on the latest water treatment and bottling technology, this marked the entry of Nestle Milkpak in the Pakistan water market.In the past, Indus Fruit Products Ltd. has been co-processing fruit pulping for Nestle Milkpak. In view of the growing needs of fruit pulp for its products as well as for exports, Nestle Milk pak entered into a 5-year lease agreement with the management enables Nestle Milkpak to put in place its own systems to ensure better product quality and capacity utilization. The new cold sauces production line has been established at this plant. ESTABLISHMENT OF NESTLE MILKPAK, KABIRWALA FACTORY In 1986 Milkpak Ltd. acquired the services of Kabirwala Dairy Ltd. For co packing of UHT milk under the brand name MILKPAK.Nestle Milkpak acquired KDL in 1990 as a subsidiary and began installation on a M AGGI NOODLES plant in 1991. this production line became operational in 1992 with two flavors: Chicken and Masala. This second milk powder plant was commissioned in September 1996. the plant produces NIDO, GLORIA and skim milk powder. The UHT line was discontinued in June 1996 and the same year witnessed the launching of the MAGGI YAKHNI linewith 3 flavors: Chicken, Masala and Chatpata. With the merger of this factory with Nestle Milkpak in April 1997,Kabirwala Factory, as it is now called, is a fully owned unit of Nestle Milkpak Ltd.In February 1999 the newly installed evaporator came on stream in Kabirwala Factory, doubling the output of the spray dryer. Alongside, the warehouse capacity at Kabirwala to handle the increased volumes of finished products was proportionately increased. 1999 also saw the installation of a pouch-filling machine, making Kabirwala Factory independent from Sheikhupura . YEAR 1981 1983 1986 UHT Milk Butter Milk Desi Frost PRODUCT NAME Pak Cream Ghee Juice M ilk Pak UHT Milk 1990 Nido Cerelac 1991 Nestum Lectogen 1992 Everyday Gloria Maggis Noodles Tea Whitener 1994 Milo Neslac 1996Nestea Polo Nescafe Classic Maggi Yakhni 1997 Nestle Wheat 1998 Toffo Soothers Nestle Pure Life 1999 Maggi Fruit Butter Skotch Sauces Drops 2001 Nescafe Creamy Flavors Cream milk powder Nestle Milkpak Ltd. Market Leader Nestle Milkpak Ltd. is the market leader in food and beverage industry. They are producing high quality well known brands. There is no such competitor that can compete Nestle Milkpak Ltd . in its total product mix. There are a few local competitors of the company in different product item. These competitors are: Rafhan Rafhan is competing Nestle in infant and follow up cereals.Shezan and Bambino Shezan and Bambino is competing Nestle Milkpak’s local brand â€Å"Frost†. CDL and Adar-e-kisan: These two competitors are competing in milk and milk powder products. In spite of this competition, Nestle Milkpak Ltd. is enjoying about 70- 75% market share in Pakistan. DIVISIONS OF NESTLE MILK PAK ltd. Production Division Quality asst Department Brand wise production departments Marketing Division Customer Relation Department Distribution Department Research & Development Milk Collection Division Agriculture service Department Logistic Department HR Division Personnel departmentFinance Division Treasury department OBJECTIVES OF NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. ? The major objective of the company is to sell high quality, innovative and superior products which satisfy needs and wants of consumers. ? ? Nestle not maximize profit through high market share but use satisfaction of consumer. The health of consumer and employees is at primary priorities ? Nestle provide the pollution free enviroNestle Milkpak ltd. ent and provide the medical facilities ? ? Nestle establish policies, programs and practices to conduct operation in an enviroNestle Milkpak ltd. ntally sound manner. Nestle operate to achieve highest standard of ethical conduc t, which acquire company’s activities and relationship world-wide in each business sector. ? Nestle aim to deal only with reputable suppliers who willing to apply Nestle Quality Standard. ? Nestle has been committed to enviroNestle Milkpak ltd. entally sound business practices throughout the world. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. The top management of Nestle MilkPak continuously carries on environmental scanning and within the environmental trends.Opportunities & opportunities they carry on required adjustments in their organization to remain variable and to survive in the face of competition. CORE COMPETENCIES Nestle Milk Pak has the following core competencies. WORK FORCE Nestle Milk Pak has a small work force as their most of the operations are automated. They have a very skillful and trained workforce. FACILITIES The NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. ’s facilities i. e. offices stores and plants are very well located and have the requisite capabilities, which is a big c ompetitive advantage for them.SYSTEM AND TECHNOLOGY Nestle Milkpak ltd. is an organization which heavily depends upon new systems and technologies to excel in the market. The organization is well equipped with new developed systems and technologies especially in their operations COMPETITIVE PRIORITIES Following are the competitive priorities of NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.. Consistent quality Development speed Volume flexibility QUALITY Quality is the cone competitive priority of NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.. They take quality in two ways. High performance design and consistent quality. CONSISTENT QUALITYNESTLE MILKPAK LTD. pays special attention for maintaining consistent quality. They have special sort of equipments and process which facilitates in maintaining a consistent quality. So the each and every unit of its product equally satisfies its customers. DEVELOPMENT SPEED As for as develop speed is concerned NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. is the industry leader not only in Pakistan but all over the world. Th ey have a team of very innovative people which consistently focus on the development of new products and to improve the already existing products. VOLUME FLEXIBILITYVolume flexibility is one of the competitive priority of NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.. When the availability of Milk is high in winter season they increase their production as the milk cannot be stored for longer period of time. In season when there is shortage of milk their production rate dropped. So they can adjust their volume of production according to their requirements. FLOW STRATEGY Flow strategy is one of the primary element of operations strategy. Based on competitive priorities a flow strategy is selected. It specifies has the operations system to be organized and handled.For different set of products different flow strategies can be implemented. LINE FLOW STRATEGY NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. has adopted the line flow strategy here the system is organized around the product. In this strategy all products follow linear pattern in facility. NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. has high volume production with highly automated facility and huge capital investment is there and the standardized products they produce. So they follow the line strategy. STRATEGIES BASED ON FLOW Following are the flow based strategies adopted by NESTLE MILKPAK LTD.. MAKE TO STOCK STRATEGY NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. ollows the make to stock strategy. They have high volume production and the demand for their products can be forecasted quite well, there exist repetition of work and a consistent quality is maintained all these priorities lead to make to stock strategy. STANDARDIZED SERVICE STRATEGY The products which are provided by NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. are standardized. Therefore the standardized service strategy also exist in NESTLE MILKPAK LTD. Ltd. They have standardized and consistent quality products. PRODUCTION PROCESS Milk Collection & Reception Storing Standardization De-CreamingCooling Spray drying Evaporation Pasteurization Packing MILK COLLECTION Milk Collection system of Industry is excellent. According to this system the companies’ trucks reach 140000 milkmen and collect milk daily. The milkmen provide milk on contract basis. Prices of milk vary in case of self-collection and contract basis. On milk center price of milks is paid at Rs. 5. 80 per liter at 6% Fats. If the quality of fat is less than required 6% then price will be paid less proportionately. Percentage of FAT in Various Kinds of Milk. Buffalo 6% Fat Cow 3. 5% Goat 3% Sheep 6% Human 3. 5%At milk collection centers, Gerber Test in done for the determination of Fat. Companies are bounded to maintain 3. 5%Fats under pure Food Laws. It is legal requirement throughout the world Milk collection system of Nestle Milk Pak is excellent. According to this system milk is collected from area of about 72,000 km . Village Milk centers Sub centers Main Centers 2273 583 23 On milk centers price of milk is paid according to percentage offers. If the quality of fat is les s than required (6%) than price will be paid accordingly. At milk collection centers, gerber test is performed for determination of fat.In milk collection centers temperature of milk is kept at 4oC. Nestle purchase milk directly few frames, there is no middle man. Collection Areas are in all over Punjab Nestle Milk Pak divide the areas in following Categories: ? ? ? ? Sahiwal, Burewala, Okara etc. Pindi Bhattian, Chaniot, Sarghoda Kabir Wala, Mian Channu, Shorkot, Kahane wal, Kacha KHU Bahawalpur , Bahawalnagar, Chistian, Ahmadpur There are Area collection managers, Milk collection Cocoordinators and Milk Collection Supervisors in each Area for collection of specific amount of Milk in specific time. RECEPTIONFrom milk collection centers milk is collected and delivered to factory daily seal of tankers are properly decided. Receiving capacity of milk is 60,000 liters. At reception following tests are performed before storing milk to assure the quality of milk. 1. Alcohol precipitation test 2- Clot an boiling 3- Fat (5. 8% – 6%) 4- SNF (Solid non fat) (8. 5-8. 9) 5- PH test (6. 8 – 6. 9 Up to reception temp of milk is about 8-10oC, there is no rejection on temperature basis. Trollers are not preferred to stay more than 1. 75 Hrs. in factory so that they can in time collect milk for next day.STORING OF MILK Milk is stored in storage tanks called Silos. The capacity to store milk is 596 tons. There are 5 Silos of100 tons each, 2 Silos of 10 tons each, 1 Silo of 70 tons. Milk can be stored for 36 Hours in Silos. STANDARDIZATION All the animals have different composition of fats in their milk indifferent seasons. Standardize milk according to the recipe milk is given temperature of 72oC for 15 seconds to reduce bacteria’s in milk, this process is called thermization life of milk is increased by this process and in standardization composition of fats and SNF are standardized.DE-CREAMING In this process dirt particles, SNF and cream is separated, m ilk is given temp of 60oC and 60,000 rpm in de-creamer. So that dirt particles cream can be separated. Cream is send to butter section. Dirt is drained after 30 seconds milk is send for further processes. PASTEURIZATION In This Process milk is heated at 92 oC for 5 seconds to remove remaining bacteria’s. Milk powder process activities After pasteurization milk to treated for conversion into powder, following activities are performed to milk: Evaporation a) Low heat treatment Milk is heated at high pressure of 889 milli bar so that it start boiling at about 70 oC . (b)4-effect falling film Milk is evaporated in 4 effect system. Milk is evaporated about 56%, 62%, 67% and 75% after 1st 2nd 3rd and 4th effect respectively. After 3rd effect Homogenization is done which uneven composition of fats and SNF is homogenized Spray drying In this process there are 5 lateral high pressure nozzles which exert high pressure on milk after that there which exert high pressure on milk after tha t there are about 50% water and 50%solids are remained in milk.After this step about 320oC hot air is thrown on milk, it is very quick process in which powder settle in base and moisture evaporate in forms of vapors. Central lecithination Lecithinate is sprayed on powder so that it is converted into highly dissolvable powder. That way Nestle Milk Pak say â€Å" Nido is instant Milk† (easily dissolvable in hot ad cold water). Drying After all these procuress still powder has 5. 5 % moisture in it, Powder is dried through xEgran System to reduce moisture level up to 3. 1% Cooling After drying there is a cooling process, in which powder is cooled before storing.Storing of powder Powder is stored in bins there are 40 bins. Packing Milk is packed in different packing according to the weight required, form tote tilting station from bins. Capacity Capacity is the maximum rate of output for a facility. The operations manager must provide the capacity to meet current and future demand s; otherwise the organization will miss the opportunities for growth & profits. Capacity planning is duty of top management and it is long term . In flush season when milk is abundantly available they utilize capacity 100% as cleaning time is just 4 hours daily and 20 hours for working.Installed capacity in NIDO plant is 560 tons, it produces 4 tons / Hours & in 20 working hrs it can produce 80tons per day. In summer when availability of milk is lower they have their annual shut down (June). They have training session for employees and vacations in that time. There are certain standards for labor utilization. Efficiency of employees is calculated daily. LOCATION Facility location is the process of determining a geographic site for a firm’s operations. Nestle Pack has located one of its factories at KabirwalaREASONS FOR SELECTING THIS LOCATION PROXIMITY TO SUPPLIERS AND RESOURCES This factory has been located in this area because here the supply of milk is more than the requir ement of the local area. This factory location is immensely surrounded by Agricultural farms, villages and small towns. The people o f these areas have their own animals and the feudal of the region have their own live stock farms. So there is abundant milk available. Furthermore, by locating one factor y at Sheikhupura and the other at Kabirwala the Nestl MilkPak can cover the geographic area of milk collection very well, especially the area of whole Punjab.REPUTATION OF THE LOCATION Placing of the factory at Kabirwala is also advantageous in this way that at the current place there was actually the factory in the name of Kabirwala Dairies Ltd. (KDL). So the place has thereputation of having a milk factory. The suppliers of milk are already oriented with this location. PROXIMITY TO NATIONAL HIGHWAY Kabirwala factory is quite closer to National Highways so the transportation of Raw Material and Finished Goods is also easier. In the end we can say that the most important and critical factor for locating the facility at this place is the availability of the milk in this area.SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Supply Chain |Management seeks to synchronize a firms functions and those of its suppliers to match the flow of materials ,services and information with customer demand. A basic purpose of supply Chain management is to control inventory by managing the flows of materials. TYPES OF INVENTORIES Following types of inventories are kept by Nestle Milkpak Kabirwala: RAW MATERIALS Raw Material inventory of Nestle MilkPak consists of milk. Their Raw Material is kept in Silos . Silos are the big tanks, which are used to store the milk.Inventories of their raw materials cannot be maintained in bulk quality and for a longer period of time. The factory can store the milk up to 596000 liters. They have five silos for storing the milk all have different capacities. The milk can remain there for the period of 36 hours without loosing quality. WORK IN PROCESS INVENTORIES Work in proc ess inventories are not to huge. Whatever they put into production they stop production after its completion if there is no unusual break down. The unpacked goods inventory can be considered as the WIP inventory. The condensed milk is stored in Bins.Bins are the big boxes in which the milk powder is stored before packing it. hen through an automatic plant the milk is packed. The butter is stored in huge tubs. From where that is packed through the automatic. FINISHED GOODS INVENTORY Inventories of packaging material can also be included in WIP inventories. The packing material is purchase externally. The supplier of packing material is packag